Skip to content

Latest commit

 

History

History
644 lines (433 loc) · 25.9 KB

LinuxFixes.md

File metadata and controls

644 lines (433 loc) · 25.9 KB

Table of Contents

General

This section is meant for all Linux distros and their derivatives!

Configuring GnuPG Keyservers

  1. This assumes you have installed or already have GnuPG on your system. You could verify the installation by typing this gpg --version into a terminal!

  2. Open a terminal and type sudo apt-get install gnupg-curl for 16.04 and earlier or sudo apt install gnupg-curl for 18.04 and later.

  3. Changing the working directory and downloading the SKS CA (Certificate Authorities) by typing this cd ~/.gnupg; wget https://sks-keyservers.net/sks-keyservers.netCA.pem

  4. (OPTIONAL) Verify the CA by going to this website and getting the OpenPGP key. Note that you could continue verifying it if needed, but read this post to see why you don't have to.

  5. Add this line keyserver hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net to ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf by typing in the terminal gedit ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf.

  6. (FOR GnuPG 1 ONLY) Add this line keyserver-options ca-cert-file=/home/.../.gnupg/sks-keyservers.netCA.pem to ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf.

  7. (FOR GnuPG 2 ONLY) Add these lines to ~/.gnupg/dirmngr.conf: (remember to replace ... with your username!)

    keyserver hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net
hkp-cacert /home/.../.gnupg/sks-keyservers.netCA.pem

  8. Then, type gpg --recv-keys 4AA4767BBC9C4B1D18AE28B77F2D434B9741E8AC to verify the keyserver was configured correctly.

  9. If that doesn't work, then try searching for and adding the key manually by typing this:

    curl 'http://pgp.surfnet.nl:11371/pks/lookup?op=get&search=4AA4767BBC9C4B1D18AE28B77F2D434B9741E8AC' > name.key
gpg --import name.key

  10. Enjoy! :)

  11. You could refer to this website for really detailed instructions!

Go to Top

Copying files into parent and children subfolders

find . -type d -exec cp filename.ext {} \;

Replace 'filename' and 'ext' with the proper filename! Like so:

find . -type d -exec cp helloworld.txt {} \;

Breakdown of the above:

  1. find is a itemsearch utility
  2. . denotes the current directory
  3. -type acts as a filter for item types
  4. d denotes a directory
  5. -exec is short for "execute"
  6. cp is short for "copy"
  7. {} indicates (or contains*) the results from the find expression.
  8. \ is the common "escape" symbol. In this case the backslash is used to allow ; to be parsed by the -exec flag.

Go to Top

Generating ToCs for markdown files!

  1. Fire up a terminal and paste this in:

    wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ekalinin/github-markdown-toc/master/gh-md-toc

  2. Then this:

    chmod a+x gh-md-toc

  3. Then in your desired dir, paste this in:

    ~/gh-md-toc ~/path/to/your/file.md

  4. Copy and paste the resulting output into your markdown file and enjoy :)

Go to Top

Processes

Killing processes or jobs

  1. Fire up a terminal and find the troublemaker's process ID using ps: ps -eaf | grep process_name
  2. Kill it: kill process_id

or

  1. Find a process using pgrep: pgrep processname

  2. Kill the process (in the case of multiple processes):

kill process_id

or

  1. If the job is the only one running, i.e only one "rclone" is running, then: pkill process_name

Go to Top

Tree-view using "ls"

For directories and files

  1. Paste this into that window you opened!

    find . -print | sort | sed 's;[^/]*/;|---;g;s;---|; |;g'

For directories only

  1. Paste this!

    ls -R | grep ":$" | sed -e 's/:$//' -e 's/[^-][^\/]*\//--/g' -e 's/^/ /' -e 's/-/|/'

*Will update this section with a breakdown of how it works when I understand bash better.

Go to Top

Encrypt folder(s) using ecryptfs

  1. Create a new directory.

    mkdir ~/path/to/directory

  2. Change the read/write permissions for the above directory.

    chmod 700 ~/path/to/directory

  3. Now, let's mount your new encrypted folder!

    sudo mount -t ~/path/to/directory ~/path/to/directory

  4. Answer all questions by typing in y for yes and n for no, unless otherwise specified by the square brackets [ ].

  5. It will ask you for a passphrase, so pick one that you will remember. (Or just keep it safe in a password manager.)

  6. Next select the default cipher, by entering the number corresponding to aes.

    Select cipher: 
 1) aes: blocksize = 16; min keysize = 16; max keysize = 32
 2) blowfish: blocksize = 8; min keysize = 16; max keysize = 56
 3) des3_ede: blocksize = 8; min keysize = 24; max keysize = 24
 4) twofish: blocksize = 16; min keysize = 16; max keysize = 32
 5) cast6: blocksize = 16; min keysize = 16; max keysize = 32
 6) cast5: blocksize = 8; min keysize = 5; max keysize = 16
Selection [aes]: 1

    It'll ask you for the amount of key bytes. Select the default amount.

    Select key bytes: 
 1) 16
 2) 32
 3) 24
Selection [16]: 1

    An option called plaintext passthrough allows for non-encrypted files to be used inside your encrypted folder. The default (recommended) configuration is to disable this option. If you would like to protect your files against prying eyes, you can enable filename encryption which is disabled by default.

    Enable plaintext passthrough (y/n) [n]: n
Enable filename encryption (y/n) [n]: n

  7. It will then attempt to mount the folder using your specified configuration.

    Attempting to mount with the following options:
  ecryptfs_unlink_sigs
  ecryptfs_key_bytes=16
  ecryptfs_cipher=aes
  ecryptfs_sig=aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Mounted eCryptfs

  8. Copy the encrypted filename signature, which is labelled ecryptfs_sig. In this case it is aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.

  9. Test that the folder is mounted properly by pasting this in:

    mount | grep ~/path/to/directory

    It will spit out something like this:

    /path/to/directory on /path/to/directory type ecryptfs (rw,relatime,ecryptfs_sig=aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa,ecryptfs_cipher=aes,ecryptfs_key_bytes=16,ecryptfs_unlink_sigs)

  10. Now for the final test: unmount and re-mount your folder.

    sudo umount /path/to/directory

    Re-mount it:

    sudo mount -t ecryptfs -o key=passphrase:passphrase_passwd=your_passphrase_here,ecryptfs_cipher=aes,ecryptfs_key_bytes=16,ecryptfs_passthrough=no,ecryptfs_enable_filename_crypto=yes,ecryptfs_fnek_sig=aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa /path/to/directory /path/to/directory

  11. It will spit out what we saw in step 7 above:

    Attempting to mount with the following options:
  ecryptfs_unlink_sigs
  ecryptfs_key_bytes=16
  ecryptfs_cipher=aes
  ecryptfs_sig=aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Mounted eCryptfs

Go to Top

Decrypting/Recovering older ecryptfs encrypted directories

  1. Ensure your target hard drive is mounted using your preferred method.

    df -h will bring up all partitions and disks in human-readable format.

    Alternatively, you could access the Disks application by searching for it (press the Win/Command key.)

  2. Fire up a terminal and paste this in!

    sudo apt-get install -y ecryptfs-utils

    OR

    sudo apt install -y ecryptfs-utils

  3. Once ecrypt is installed, paste this:

    sudo ecryptfs-recover-private

    and follow the on-screen instructions.

  4. Once your desired directory(ies) are decrypted and you have access to them, move them to another location which you can access easily (and optionally create a new encrypted directory to store aforementioned files).

  5. Nautilus is capable of browsing the temporary directory, just enter this into your terminal:

    sudo nautilus

Go to Top

Arch Linux

Installation

Pre-installation

Fixing the "no public key" issue during the pre-installation phase

  1. On Debian-based operating systems, GnuPG is already installed as part of the distro. GnuPG for modern systems kinda takes away the User ID of each key so issues may occur. To fix this, we have to import the public key 4AA4767BBC9C4B1D18AE28B77F2D434B9741E8AC mentioned in the terminal output when trying to run this command gpg --keyserver-options auto-key-retrieve --verify archlinux-version-x86_64.iso.sig.

  2. Download the Arch Linux .iso file and its corresponding PGP key from the downloads page.

  3. Open up a terminal, and type this gpg --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys 4AA4767BBC9C4B1D18AE28B77F2D434B9741E8AC to import the Arch Linux public key.

  4. Then type this gpg --keyserver-options auto-key-retrieve --verify archlinux-version-x86_64.iso.sig, replacing archlinux-version-x86_64.iso.sig with the downloaded signature filename to verify the file's signature.

  5. Once this is done the output should be similar to this:

    gpg: assuming signed data in 'archlinux-2020.05.01-x86_64.iso'
gpg: Signature made Fri 01 May 2020 13:33:57 +08
gpg:                using RSA key 4AA4767BBC9C4B1D18AE28B77F2D434B9741E8AC
gpg: Good signature from "Pierre Schmitz <pierre@archlinux.de>" [unknown]
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg:          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: 4AA4 767B BC9C 4B1D 18AE  28B7 7F2D 434B 9741 E8AC

  6. You're done!

Mount the file systems

  1. To create the EFI mount point, type this mkdir -p /mnt/efi in the terminal.
  2. Then to mount the directory, type this mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/efi.

Go to Top

Ubuntu/Debian-based

Ubuntu/Mint Tips

Goto easylinuxtips and follow the guides.

Customisation

1. Changing Windows Cursors for Ubuntu

  1. Find the .cur and .ani files you want to use.
  2. Put them in a folder.
  3. Open this: CursorCreate
  4. Alternatively, open this: CursorCreateWindows.zip from the Utilities folder (either external harddrive or from sakae-crypt or kenji-crypt) OR this folder CursorCreate
  5. Run the program according to the README file.
  6. Use the template provided for a quickstart.
  7. Use the latest release for newer Ubuntu distros, if not you could try the older releases too!

Go to Top

2. Changing the lockscreen background (Ubuntu 20.04)

Note: GDM3 won't accept filenames with spaces!!! Change filenames to include dashes ( - ) or underscores ( _ ) to work with filenames with spaces :)

  1. In a terminal, type sudo apt install libglib2.0-dev-bin and press Return/Enter.
  2. Then type curl -L -O github.com/thiggy01/ubuntu-20.04-change-gdm-background/raw/master/ubuntu-20.04-change-gdm-background or curl -L -O github.com/ttsuei/ubuntu-20.04-change-gdm-background/raw/master/ubuntu-20.04-change-gdm-background if the first one doesn't work anymore.
  3. Type chmod +x ubuntu-20.04-change-gdm-background to make the script executable.
  4. set the wallpaper with sudo ./ubuntu-20.04-change-gdm-background /location/of/wallpaper.jpg ***Change "wallpaper" to the name of your image!
  5. It would ask if you would like to restart the GDM service, so type Y. If it doesn't, type systemctl restart gdm.service to restart it manually.
  6. Wait for a bit and BOOM! You got yoself a nice new lockscreen :D

Go to Top

3. DeadBeeF Custom Layout

deadbeef Arc Darker Theme

Go to Top

4. Getting Apps to Obey System Themes (Using Qt5 and GTK-2)

  1. Open up a terminal and run this first: sudo apt-get update
  2. Then type this once that's done: sudo apt-get install qt5-style-plugins
  3. Set all Qt5 applications to use the system theme by doing: echo "export QT_QPA_PLATFORMTHEME=gtk2" >> ~/.profile
  4. Once that's squared away, L O G O U T.
  5. Log back in... and??? 🤑

Go to Top

5. Creating custom terminal commands

  1. Open a terminal window and create a .bash_aliases file in your home directory: gedit ~/.bash_aliases
  2. Once the editor is open, add this: alias your_alias_name='your_terminal_command; second_terminal_command'
  3. Once you're done, save the file: Ctrl + S and exit.
  4. In the terminal window, type this: . ~/.bashrc to refresh your .bashrc file.
  5. Try using your new alias in terminal by typing your_alias_name in the terminal to confirm it works.
  6. E N J O Y 😃

Go to Top

6. Adding a dock to your second monitor

  1. Do check if you have dconf-editor installed before doing this :)
  2. Installing dconf-editor can be done by running this in a terminal: sudo apt update -y && sudo apt install dconf-editor -y
  3. Change your working directory to the /planks/docks/ folder: cd ~/.config/planks/docks and make a new folder: mkdir dock2, then copy the launcher items from your main dock: cp dock1/launchers dock2/launchers
  4. Then open a terminal and open the configuration editor by typing dconf-editor in the terminal
  5. There's gonna be a window popping up, with a message warning you that some apps would break with modified settings. Press "I'll be careful."
  6. In the top centre bar, press the magnifying glass and enter /net/launchpad/plank/docks/
  7. In the results, there will be an entry for enabled-docks. Click that T H A N G!
  8. Click the Use default value switch to enable custom values, and add ,'dock2' to 'dock1'.
  9. Once that's done, click Apply on the bottom left hand corner.
  10. Let's take a short detour back to the terminal, and get the second monitor's name by plank --preferences.
  11. A new window will pop up, and there will be a row with a On Primary Display switch. Next to it is the active monitors in a dropdown menu. Click on the dropdown menu, and it should list the displays in this manner: eDP-1 HDMI-X. Usually the second monitor would be the HDMI-X entry. Note this down!
  12. Now, click on the plank folder up top (upper left corner), click on docks, then on dock2. There's a buncha settings we gotta change!
  13. First, you might want to change the icon size (icon-size)to a suitable size for your external monitor (if you're using a smaller screen like a laptop screen). Next, change the monitor value to reflect the value you got in step 11. Finally, change the theme to match your current dock theme. That's it!
  14. Back to your terminal! Let's restart the Plank dock shall we? pkill plank and then plank & and press Enter or Return once it loads up!
  15. You'll be able to see your second dock now! Enjoy :D

Go to Top

Shortcuts (Ubuntu 20.04)

1. Moving Windows between Workspaces

  1. Ctrl + Alt + Arrowkey to switch between workspaces
  2. Ctrl + Alt + Shift + Arrowkey to move the current window between workspaces

Go to Top

2. Custom Key Mappings

  1. In your upper right hand corner of the screen, click on the arrow facing downwards.
  2. Click the "Settings" option near the bottom of the dropdown menu which appears.
  3. A new window will appear. Try scrolling through the categories on the left pane till you find "Keyboard Shortcuts" or something to that effect 😝.

Go to Top

Printing SysInfo

  1. Install neofetch if you haven't done yet! Here's a link to the instructions! Or you could follow the steps below.

Ubuntu 17.04 and up

  1. Update yo repositories! sudo apt update
  2. Get that stuff in you! sudo apt install neofetch

Go to Top

Ubuntu 16.10 and below

  1. Add the official PPA! sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dawidd0811/neofetch
  2. Update yo repositories! sudo apt update
  3. Get that stuff in you! sudo apt install neofetch

Go to Top

Installing Packages

Installing general *.deb packages using dpkg

  1. Fire up a terminal, and navigate to the folder containing the downloaded .deb file. E.g: cd ~/Downloads
  2. Type this in: sudo dpkg -i /path/to/deb/file
  3. Remember to substitute the filename for path/to/deb/file!

Unpacking tar.gz folders

  1. Fire up a terminal, and navigate to the folder containing your downloaded tar.gz file!
  2. Type this in: tar -zxvf FileName.tar.gz et voila!

Installing Android Studio

  1. Download the latest package from the official Android Developer website.
  2. Unpack this tar.gz archive into /usr/local/ for yourself or /opt/ if you wanna get every user in on the party! Skip step 3 if you prefer working from your current directory.
  3. Fire up a terminal, and paste this in: sudo cp "<folder_name>" /usr/local/ -r
  4. Navigate "cd" into bin. Let's perform a check before going ahead and running the installer: chmod +rx studio.sh.
  5. Run the installer, and choose if you want to import your previous settings, or start fresh!
  6. In the new Android Studio window, click Configure, and select Create Desktop Entry for easy access from the App Dashboard.
  7. Next step would be to read the docs or start building apps!

Go to Top

Installing fonts

  1. Download your desired fonts, and extract them out of the ZIP file(s) if necessary.
  2. Double click each of them and press Install for each .ttf or .otf file.
  3. Open a terminal, and type fc-cache -f -v
  4. Enjoy your new fonts!

Go to Top

Missing System Tray Icons?

  1. Install one of these two: TopIcons Plus or KStatusNotifierItem/AppIndicator Support either from source (on Github) or from the Gnome Extensions page.

Go to Top

Wireless Devices

Auto-connect Bluetooth Devices

Note: This has been tested on my Galaxy Buds OS: Ubuntu 20.04 as of 8th May 2020.

Try pairing your BT device and computer. Once they're paired, follow the steps below:

  1. Open Terminal and run bluetoothctl
  2. The output would be something like this:
tatsuei@eijihaus:~$ bluetoothctl
[NEW] Controller xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx [default]
[NEW] Device aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff Galaxy Buds (4FB9)
Agent registered
[bluetooth]#
  1. In the above output "Galaxy Buds (4FB9)" is paired but not yet connected.. So to connect to this device we do: connect aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff at the prompt [bluetooth]# with aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff as your BT device address.

Example:

[bluetooth]# connect aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff
Attempting to connect to aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff
[CHG] Device aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff Connected: yes
Connection successful
[CHG] Device aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff ServicesResolved: yes
[Galaxy Buds (4FB9)]#

This means if you can run the command bluetoothctl and then at the [bluetooth]# prompt if you can input connect aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff The Bluetooth Device will connect.

So this can be done with a single command in terminal like this, after your first login open Terminal and run this command.

echo "connect aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff" | bluetoothctl

Example:

tatsuei@eijihaus:~$ echo "connect aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff" | bluetoothctl
[NEW] Controller xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx i7-4770 [default]
[NEW] Device aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff Galaxy Buds (4FB9)
Agent registered
[bluetooth]# connect aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff
Attempting to connect to aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff
Agent unregistered
[DEL] Controller xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx [default]
tatsuei@eijihaus:~$

so the command echo "connect aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff" | bluetoothctl is working..

This means if we can run this command at login without human interaction.. the BT device which is paired and already turned on at the time of boot will connect in the above manual way..

  1. mkdir ~/bin (Create this directory if you dont have already.. Otherwise Ignore this step)
  2. touch ~/bin/btautoconnect.sh
  3. gedit ~/bin/btautoconnect.sh and paste this:
#!/bin/bash

bluetoothctl
sleep 10
echo "connect aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff" | bluetoothctl
sleep 12
echo "connect aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff" | bluetoothctl
exit

  1. Save the file, and then exit the editor.

  2. Set the executable permission for this script: chmod +x ~/bin/btautoconnect.sh

  3. Create a .desktop file named btautoconnect.desktop in ~/.config/autostart/

  4. touch ~/.config/autostart/btautoconnect.desktop

  5. Edit the file, gedit ~/.config/autostart/btautoconnect.desktop, and paste the following into the file.

[Desktop Entry]
Type=Application
Exec=/home/tatsuei/bin/btautoconnect.sh
Hidden=false
NoDisplay=false
X-GNOME-Autostart-enabled=true
Name=BTAutoConnect
X-GNOME-Autostart-Delay=5
Comment=Connects to Galaxy Buds
  1. Save the file, and then exit the editor.
  2. Reboot your computer, and see the magic happen(?) :)

Go to Top

Low volume on wireless headphones?

  1. Important!! Remember to substitute the MAC address by going into the Settings menu and find Bluetooth devices
  2. Try this: dbus-send --print-reply --system --dest=org.bluez /org/bluez/hci0/dev_<mac_address_of_headphones> org.bluez.MediaControl1.VolumeUp
  3. If that works, skip steps 4-6 :)
  4. Another fix would be: sudo gedit /lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service
  5. Add this: --noplugin=avrcp to this: ExecStart=/usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd
  6. Then run: sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo systemctl restart bluetooth
  7. Reconnect your headphones and enjoy!

Go to Top

Problems/Errors when running sudo apt update and sudo apt upgrade

Skipping acquire of configured file

  1. This is something I came across with PostgreSQL, so feel free to change the package name to match the package producing the error.

  2. Fire up a terminal and paste these commands in one after the other!

    sudo grep -i postgresql /etc/apt/sources.list

    or

    sudo grep -i postgresql /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list

  3. It'll pop up with a filename along with its directory, so let's edit the file:

    sudo -H gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

    or

    sudo -H gedit /etc/apt/sources.list.d/found_filename.list

    *If you're using the second command, do remember to exclude the trailing :deb from the filepath.

    **Also, ignore any error messages that may pop up.

  4. Once the editor is open, find the line which starts with:

    deb https:// or deb http://.

  5. Change the above line to:

    deb [arch=amd64] https:// or deb [arch=amd64] http://

  6. Et voila! Run your update and upgrade commands without issues.

Go to Top