diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c0e6e411b82..211e6806891 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@ We've resolved many long-standing bugs in the various schema classes, validation
 
 * The undocumented and unused method `Nokogiri::CSS.parse` is now deprecated and will generate a warning. The AST returned by this method is private and subject to change and removal in future versions of Nokogiri. This method will be removed in a future version of Nokogiri.
 * Passing an options hash to `CSS.xpath_for` is now deprecated and will generate a warning. Use keyword arguments instead. This will become an error in a future version of Nokogiri.
-* Passing an options hash to `HTML5::DocumentFragment.parse` is now deprecated and will generate a warning. Use keyword arguments instead. This will become an error in a future version of Nokogiri.
 * Passing libxml2 encoding IDs to `SAX::ParserContext` methods is now deprecated and will generate a warning. The use of `SAX::Parser::ENCODINGS` is also deprecated. Use `Encoding` objects or encoding names instead.
 
 
diff --git a/lib/nokogiri/html5/document_fragment.rb b/lib/nokogiri/html5/document_fragment.rb
index 935ac6491dc..b43da63c5f1 100644
--- a/lib/nokogiri/html5/document_fragment.rb
+++ b/lib/nokogiri/html5/document_fragment.rb
@@ -27,32 +27,51 @@ module HTML5
     class DocumentFragment < Nokogiri::HTML4::DocumentFragment
       class << self
         # :call-seq:
-        #   parse(tags, **options)
-        #   parse(tags, encoding = nil, **options)
+        #   parse(input, **options) → HTML5::DocumentFragment
         #
-        # Parse an HTML5 document fragment from +tags+, returning a Nodeset.
+        # Parse \HTML5 fragment input from a String, and return a new HTML5::DocumentFragment. This
+        # method creates a new, empty HTML5::Document to contain the fragment.
         #
         # [Parameters]
-        # - +tags+ [String, IO] The HTML5 document fragment to parse.
-        # - +encoding+ [String] The name of the encoding to use when parsing the document fragment. (default +nil+)
+        # - +input+ (String | IO) The HTML5 document fragment to parse.
         #
-        # Also see Nokogiri::HTML5 for a longer explanation of how encoding is handled by the parser.
+        # [Optional Keyword Arguments]
+        # - +encoding:+ (String | Encoding) The encoding, or name of the encoding, that should be
+        #   used when processing the document. When not provided, the encoding will be determined
+        #   based on the document content. Also see Nokogiri::HTML5 for a longer explanation of how
+        #   encoding is handled by the parser.
         #
-        # [Options]
-        # - +:context+ [String, Nokogiri::XML::Node] The context in which to parse the document fragment. (default +"body"+)
-        # - +:max_errors+ [Integer] The maximum number of parse errors to record. (default +Nokogiri::Gumbo::DEFAULT_MAX_ERRORS+ which is currently 0)
-        # - +:max_tree_depth+ [Integer] The maximum depth of the parse tree. (default +Nokogiri::Gumbo::DEFAULT_MAX_TREE_DEPTH+)
-        # - +:max_attributes+ [Integer] The maximum number of attributes allowed on an element. (default +Nokogiri::Gumbo::DEFAULT_MAX_ATTRIBUTES+)
-        # - +:parse_noscript_content_as_text+ [Boolean] Whether to parse the content of +noscript+ elements as text. (default +false+)
+        # - +context:+ (String | Nokogiri::XML::Node) The node, or the name of an HTML5 element, "in
+        #   context" of which to parse the document fragment. See below for more
+        #   information. (default +"body"+)
         #
-        # Also see Nokogiri::HTML5 for a longer explanation of the options.
+        # - +max_errors:+ (Integer) The maximum number of parse errors to record. (default
+        #   +Nokogiri::Gumbo::DEFAULT_MAX_ERRORS+ which is currently 0)
         #
-        # [Returns]
-        # - [Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet] A node set containing the root nodes of the parsed fragment.
+        # - +max_tree_depth:+ (Integer) The maximum depth of the parse tree. (default
+        #   +Nokogiri::Gumbo::DEFAULT_MAX_TREE_DEPTH+)
         #
-        def parse(tags, encoding = nil, positional_options_hash = nil, **options)
-          unless positional_options_hash.nil?
-            warn("Nokogiri::HTML5::DocumentFragment.parse: Passing options as an explicit hash is deprecated. Use keyword arguments instead. This will become an error in a future release.", uplevel: 1, category: :deprecated)
+        # - +max_attributes:+ (Integer) The maximum number of attributes allowed on an
+        #   element. (default +Nokogiri::Gumbo::DEFAULT_MAX_ATTRIBUTES+)
+        #
+        # - +parse_noscript_content_as_text:+ (Boolean) Whether to parse the content of +noscript+
+        #   elements as text. (default +false+)
+        #
+        # See rdoc-ref:HTML5@Parsing+options for a complete description of these parsing options.
+        #
+        # [Returns] Nokogiri::HTML5::DocumentFragment
+        #
+        # === Context \Node
+        #
+        # If a context node is specified using +context:+, then the parser will behave as if that
+        # Node, or a hypothetical tag named as specified, is the parent of the fragment subtree.
+        #
+        def parse(
+          input,
+          encoding_ = nil, positional_options_hash = nil,
+          encoding: encoding_, **options
+        )
+          unless positional_options_hash.nil? || positional_options_hash.empty?
             options.merge!(positional_options_hash)
           end
 
@@ -60,9 +79,9 @@ def parse(tags, encoding = nil, positional_options_hash = nil, **options)
 
           document = HTML5::Document.new
           document.encoding = "UTF-8"
-          tags = HTML5.read_and_encode(tags, encoding)
+          input = HTML5.read_and_encode(input, encoding)
 
-          new(document, tags, context, options)
+          new(document, input, context, options)
         end
       end
 
@@ -71,18 +90,72 @@ def parse(tags, encoding = nil, positional_options_hash = nil, **options)
 
       # Get the parser's quirks mode value. See HTML5::QuirksMode.
       #
-      # This method returns `nil` if the parser was not invoked (e.g., `Nokogiri::HTML5::DocumentFragment.new(doc)`).
+      # This method returns `nil` if the parser was not invoked (e.g.,
+      # `Nokogiri::HTML5::DocumentFragment.new(doc)`).
       #
       # Since v1.14.0
       attr_reader :quirks_mode
 
-      # Create a document fragment.
-      def initialize(doc, tags = nil, context = nil, options = {}) # rubocop:disable Lint/MissingSuper
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   new(document, input, **options) → HTML5::DocumentFragment
+      #
+      # Parse \HTML5 fragment input from a String, and return a new HTML5::DocumentFragment.
+      #
+      # 💡 It's recommended to use either HTML5::DocumentFragment.parse or HTML5::Node#fragment
+      # rather than call this method directly.
+      #
+      # [Required Parameters]
+      # - +document+ (HTML5::Document) The parent document to associate the returned fragment with.
+      #
+      # [Optional Parameters]
+      # - +input+ (String) The content to be parsed.
+      #
+      # [Optional Keyword Arguments]
+      # - +encoding:+ (String | Encoding) The encoding, or name of the encoding, that should be
+      #   used when processing the document. When not provided, the encoding will be determined
+      #   based on the document content. Also see Nokogiri::HTML5 for a longer explanation of how
+      #   encoding is handled by the parser.
+      #
+      # - +context:+ (String | Nokogiri::XML::Node) The node, or the name of an HTML5 element, in
+      #   which to parse the document fragment. (default +"body"+)
+      #
+      # - +max_errors:+ (Integer) The maximum number of parse errors to record. (default
+      #   +Nokogiri::Gumbo::DEFAULT_MAX_ERRORS+ which is currently 0)
+      #
+      # - +max_tree_depth:+ (Integer) The maximum depth of the parse tree. (default
+      #   +Nokogiri::Gumbo::DEFAULT_MAX_TREE_DEPTH+)
+      #
+      # - +max_attributes:+ (Integer) The maximum number of attributes allowed on an
+      #   element. (default +Nokogiri::Gumbo::DEFAULT_MAX_ATTRIBUTES+)
+      #
+      # - +parse_noscript_content_as_text:+ (Boolean) Whether to parse the content of +noscript+
+      #   elements as text. (default +false+)
+      #
+      # See rdoc-ref:HTML5@Parsing+options for a complete description of these parsing options.
+      #
+      # [Returns] HTML5::DocumentFragment
+      #
+      # === Context \Node
+      #
+      # If a context node is specified using +context:+, then the parser will behave as if that
+      # Node, or a hypothetical tag named as specified, is the parent of the fragment subtree.
+      #
+      def initialize(
+        doc, input = nil,
+        context_ = nil, positional_options_hash = nil,
+        context: context_,
+        **options
+      ) # rubocop:disable Lint/MissingSuper
+        unless positional_options_hash.nil? || positional_options_hash.empty?
+          options.merge!(positional_options_hash)
+        end
+
         @document = doc
         @errors = []
-        return self unless tags
+        return self unless input
 
-        tags = Nokogiri::HTML5.read_and_encode(tags, nil)
+        input = Nokogiri::HTML5.read_and_encode(input, nil)
 
         context = options.delete(:context) if options.key?(:context)
 
@@ -90,7 +163,7 @@ def initialize(doc, tags = nil, context = nil, options = {}) # rubocop:disable L
         options[:max_errors] ||= options.delete(:max_parse_errors) || Nokogiri::Gumbo::DEFAULT_MAX_ERRORS
         options[:max_tree_depth] ||= Nokogiri::Gumbo::DEFAULT_MAX_TREE_DEPTH
 
-        Nokogiri::Gumbo.fragment(self, tags, context, **options)
+        Nokogiri::Gumbo.fragment(self, input, context, **options)
       end
 
       def serialize(options = {}, &block) # :nodoc:
diff --git a/test/html5/test_api.rb b/test/html5/test_api.rb
index 468be98bcf9..1294632effe 100644
--- a/test/html5/test_api.rb
+++ b/test/html5/test_api.rb
@@ -92,6 +92,10 @@ def test_fragment_encoding
 
     assert_match(/おはようございます/, Nokogiri::HTML5.fragment(raw, Encoding::SHIFT_JIS).to_s)
     assert_match(/おはようございます/, Nokogiri::HTML5::DocumentFragment.parse(raw, Encoding::SHIFT_JIS).to_s)
+
+    # with kwargs
+    assert_match(/おはようございます/, Nokogiri::HTML5.fragment(raw, encoding: Encoding::SHIFT_JIS).to_s)
+    assert_match(/おはようございます/, Nokogiri::HTML5::DocumentFragment.parse(raw, encoding: Encoding::SHIFT_JIS).to_s)
   end
 
   def test_fragment_serialization_encoding
@@ -432,15 +436,13 @@ def initialize(*args)
 
       describe "to DocumentFragment.parse" do
         it "as an options hash" do
-          assert_output(nil, /Passing options as an explicit hash is deprecated/) do
-            fragment = Nokogiri::HTML5::DocumentFragment.parse(
-              "<body><div>foo</div></body>",
-              nil,
-              { context: "html" },
-            )
-            assert_match(/<body>/, fragment.to_s)
-            assert_match(/<head>/, fragment.to_s)
-          end
+          fragment = Nokogiri::HTML5::DocumentFragment.parse(
+            "<body><div>foo</div></body>",
+            nil,
+            { context: "html" },
+          )
+          assert_match(/<body>/, fragment.to_s)
+          assert_match(/<head>/, fragment.to_s)
         end
 
         it "as keyword argument" do
@@ -462,9 +464,9 @@ def initialize(*args)
         Class.new(Nokogiri::HTML5::DocumentFragment) do
           attr_accessor :initialized_with, :initialized_count
 
-          def initialize(*args)
+          def initialize(*args, **kwargs)
             super
-            @initialized_with = args
+            @initialized_with = [args, **kwargs]
             @initialized_count ||= 0
             @initialized_count += 1
           end
@@ -484,8 +486,11 @@ def initialize(*args)
         end
 
         it "passes args to #initialize" do
-          fragment = klass.new(html, "<div>a</div>")
-          assert_equal([html, "<div>a</div>"], fragment.initialized_with)
+          fragment = klass.new(html, "<div>a</div>", max_errors: 1)
+          assert_equal(
+            [[html, "<div>a</div>"], { max_errors: 1 }],
+            fragment.initialized_with,
+          )
         end
       end