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Updates from Overleaf
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ludwigbothmann committed Feb 5, 2024
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\end{vbframe}

\begin{vbframe}{$Lq$ regularization}
Besides $L1$ and $L2$ norm we could use any $Lq$ (quasi-)norm for regularization.
\begin{vbframe}{$Lq$ regularization \citebutton{Knight and Fu, 2000}{https://websites.umich.edu/~jizhu/jizhu/KnightFu-AoS00.pdf}}
Besides $L1$/$L2$ we could use any $Lq$ (quasi-)norm penalty $\lambda \Vert \thetab \Vert_q^q$.


\begin{figure}
\scalebox{0.55}{\includegraphics{figure_man/lasso_ridge_hat.png}}\\
\scalebox{0.53}{\includegraphics{figure_man/lasso_ridge_hat.png}}\\
%\includegraphics[height=2.3cm]{figure_man/contour.pdf}
\caption{\textit{Top:} Ridge and Lasso loss contours and feasible regions.
\textit{Bottom:} Different feasible region shapes for $Lq$ norms $\sum_j |\theta_j|^q$.}
\caption{{\scriptsize \textit{Top:} loss contours and $L1$/$L2$ constraints.
\textit{Bottom:} Constraints for $Lq$ norms $\sum_j |\theta_j|^q$.}}
\end{figure}

Note that for $q<1$ the penalty becomes non-convex (much harder to optimize!) and for $q>1$ no sparsity is obtained

\vspace{-0.4cm}
{\footnotesize
\begin{itemize}
\item For $q<1$ penalty becomes non-convex but for $q>1$ no sparsity is achieved
\item Non-convex $Lq$ regularization has some nice properties like \textbf{oracle property} \citebutton{Zou, 2006}{http://users.stat.umn.edu/~zouxx019/Papers/adalasso.pdf}: consistent (+asy. unbiased) param estimation and variable selection
\item Downside: non-convexity of penalty makes optimization even harder than $L1$ (no unique global minimum but many bad local minima)
\end{itemize}
}
\end{vbframe}


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