Fundamentals.java

/**
 * @NAME- APOORV SHARAT
 * CLASS- 10 C
 * ROLL NO. 11 
 */
import java.util.*;
public class Fundamentals
{
    /**
     * function to display menu
     */
    private void displayMenu()
    {
        System.out.println("@@@@@@@@   **     **    @@          @@    ** **        @@@@@@@@@     **               **      @@@@@@@@@@    **         **    @@@@@@@@@@@@    **********     @@           ***********");
        System.out.println("@@@@@@@@   **     **    @@ @@       @@    **   **      @@     @@     ** **           ** **    @@@@@@@@@@    ** **      **    @@@@@@@@@@@@    **********     @@           ***********");
        System.out.println("@@         **     **    @@   @@     @@    **    **     @@     @@     **  **         **  **    @@            **  **     **         @@         **      **     @@           **        ");
        System.out.println("@@@@@@@@   **     **    @@    @@    @@    **     **    @@     @@     **   **       **   **    @@@@@@@@@@    **   **    **         @@         **      **     @@           ***********");
        System.out.println("@@@@@@@@   **     **    @@     @@   @@    **     **    @@*****@@*    **    **     **    **    @@@@@@@@@@    **    **   **         @@         **@@@@@@**@    @@           ***********");
        System.out.println("@@         **     **    @@      @@  @@    **     **    @@*****@@*    **     **   **     **    @@            **     **  **         @@         **@@@@@@**@    @@                    **");
        System.out.println("@@         **     **    @@       @@ @@    **   **      @@     @@     **      ** **      **    @@@@@@@@@@    **      ** **         @@         **      **     @@@@@@@@@    ***********");
        System.out.println("@@          *******     @@        @@      ** **        @@     @@     **       **        **    @@@@@@@@@@    **       **           @@         **      **     @@@@@@@@@    ***********");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("====================================================================================================================================================================================");
        System.out.println("====================================================================================================================================================================================");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("MENU                       menu       MENU menu menu menu    MENU             MENU    MENU           MENU");
        System.out.println("MENU  menu                menu MENU   MENU menu menu menu    MENU menu        MENU    MENU           MENU");
        System.out.println("MENU   menu              menu  MENU   MENU                   MENU  menu       MENU    MENU           MENU");
        System.out.println("MENU    menu            menu   MENU   MENU                   MENU   menu      MENU    MENU           MENU");
        System.out.println("MENU     menu          menu    MENU   MENU menu menu menu    MENU    menu     MENU    MENU           MENU");
        System.out.println("MENU      menu        menu     MENU   MENU menu menu menu    MENU     menu    MENU    MENU           MENU");
        System.out.println("MENU       menu      menu      MENU   MENU                   MENU      menu   MENU    MENU           MENU");
        System.out.println("MENU        menu    menu       MENU   MENU                   MENU       menu  MENU    MENU           MENU");
        System.out.println("MENU         menu  menu        MENU   MENU menu menu menu    MENU        menu MENU    MENU menu menu MENU");
        System.out.println("MENU          menu             MENU   MENU menu menu menu    MENU         menu        MENU menu menu MENU");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("1.Advantages of java");
        System.out.println("2.Types of java program");
        System.out.println("3.Character set of java");
        System.out.println("4.Tokens");
        System.out.println("5.Statements");
        System.out.println("6.keywords");
        System.out.println("7.Identifiers");
        System.out.println("8.Literals/constants");
        System.out.println("9.operators");
        System.out.println("10.Punctuators/seperators");
        System.out.println("11.compiler");
        System.out.println("12.Interpreter");
        System.out.println("13.Rules for sellecting an identifier");
        System.out.println("14. Types of constants");
        System.out.println("15. Variables");
        System.out.println("16. Format of declaring variable");
        System.out.println("17. Meaning of variable declaration");
        System.out.println("18. variable initialization(static initialization of a variable)");
        System.out.println("19. Dynamic initialization of a variable");
        System.out.println("20. Data types");
        System.out.println("21. Classification of data types");
        System.out.println("22. Primitive data types");
        System.out.println("23. Comments in Java");
        System.out.println("24. Output Statements");
        System.out.println("25. Use of + operator in java");
        System.out.println("26. Outline of writing a simple java program");
        System.out.println("27. Expressions");
        System.out.println("28. Arithmatic operators");
        System.out.println("0. BACK TO MAIN MENU");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("ENTER YOUR CHOICE (0-28)");
    }
    /**
     * function to display advantages of java
     */
    private void advantages()
    {
         System.out.println("                                ADVANTAGES OF JAVA ARE");
         System.out.println();
         System.out.println("i. Java is an object oriented programming language");
         System.out.println("ii. Java programs are platform indipendent (Java programs are portable, WORA");
         System.out.println("WORA- Write one run anywhere");
         System.out.println("Java programs are platform indipendent means same java program can be executed on divices with different processors or operating systems");
    }
    /**
     * function to display types of java program
     */
    private void types()
    {
        System.out.println("Types of java program are");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("i. Java Application");
        System.out.println("A java application is a general java program made to be executed on a stand-alone computer");
        System.out.println("eg. A program to find sum of two numbers");
        System.out.println("ii. Java Applet");
        System.out.println("An applet is a java program that can be included in a webpage. When we open a webpage that contains an applet, the web bowser exicutes");
    }
    /**
     * function to display character set of java
     */
    private void character_set()
    {
        System.out.println("              Character set of java");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("Character set of java means a group of characters that can be used in a java program. It includes:");
        System.out.println("i. Capital Letters (A-Z)");
        System.out.println("ii. Small Letters (a-z)");
        System.out.println("iii. Digits (0-9)");
        System.out.println("iv. Special Characters/ Symbols (+,-,/,*,&,<,>....)");
    }
    /**
     * function to display defination of tokens
     */ 
    private void tokens()
    {
        System.out.println("                       Tokens");       
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("- Tokens are the smallest individual of a java program."); 
        System.out.println("- A token may contain one or more characters fropm the characterset of java");
        System.out.println("- Keywords, identifiers, Literals, Operators and seperators are various tokens of java");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of statements
     */
    private void statements()
    {
        System.out.println("                       Statements");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("- A statement is the smallest unit of exicution in a java program.");
        System.out.println("- A statement in java may contain one or more tokens and is terminated by a semi column(;)");
        System.out.println("- A ststement that contains only a semi column is known as a null statement");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("          BLOCK OR COMPOUND STATEMENT");
        System.out.println("One or more statements enclosed within a pair of curly brackets( {} ) is known as block or compound statement");
        System.out.println("eg.");
        System.out.println("{");
        System.out.println("    int a=5;");
        System.out.println("    int b=10;");
        System.out.println("    int s=a+b");
        System.out.println("}");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of keywords
     */
    private void keywords()
    {
        System.out.println("        KEYWORDS/ RESERVED WORDS");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("Keywords are the reserved words that conveys a special meaning to the compiler. In java keywords are always written in small letters");
        System.out.println("eg:");
        System.out.println("    abstract");
        System.out.println("    char");
        System.out.println("    for");
        System.out.println("    int");
        System.out.println("    goto    etc..");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of identifiers
     */
    private void identifiers()
    {
        System.out.println("        IDENTIFIERS");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("Identifiers are the names given by the programmers to various programming elements.");
        System.out.println("eg. Variable name is an identifier");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of constants
     */
    private void literals()
    {
        System.out.println("        LITERALS/ CONSTANTS");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("Constants are the tokens whose values don't change during the execution of a program.");
        System.out.println("eg. 100");
        System.out.println("    'a' ");
        System.out.println("    3.14            etc..");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of operators
     */
    private void operators()
    {
        System.out.println("        OPERATORS");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("Operators are the tokens used in an operation to represent an expression");
        System.out.println("eg. +,-,*,/,<,>....etc");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of punctuators/seperators
     */
    private void seperators()
    {
        System.out.println("       PUNCTUATORS/ SEPERATORS");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("Seperators are the tokens used to seperate various programming elements.");
        System.out.println("eg. , , ;, ., (), {}, []");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of compiler
     */
    private void compiler()
    {
        System.out.println("               COMPILER");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println(" A compiler is a system software that converts high lever language program to machine language as a whole");
    }
    /**
     * function to display interpreter
     */
    private void interpreter()
    {
        System.out.println("       INTERPRETER");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("Interpreter is a system software that translates high level language program into machine language line by line.");
    }
    /**
     * function to display rules for sellecting identifier
     */
    private void rules()
    {
        System.out.println("                   RULES FOR SELLECTING AN IDENTIFIER");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("i. Keywords can not be used as an identifiers");
        System.out.println("ii. An identifier may contain capital letters, small letters, digits and only two special characters ($ _)");
        System.out.println("iii. An identifier should not start with a digit ");
    }
    /**
     * function to display types of constants
     */
    private void constant_types()
    {
        System.out.println("                TYPES OF CONSTANTS");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("i. Integer constant");
        System.out.println("- Integer constant reffers to a sequence of digits without a decimal point.");
        System.out.println("- It may contain an optional positive or negative sign and a sequence of digits");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("ii. Floating point/ real numeric constant");
        System.out.println("They can be represented in two forms:");
        System.out.println("* Decimal Notation- the decimal notation have 3 parts: the integer part, the decimal point and the fractional part.");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("* scientific notation- the scientific or exponential notation is used to represent numbers and the following format");
        System.out.println("        mantisa e/E exponent");
        System.out.println("mantisa is either real number or an integer");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("iii. Character constant");
        System.out.println("A single character enclosed within single quotes is called character constant");
        System.out.println("eg: 'A' , 'S' ....etc ");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("iv. String constant");
        System.out.println("One or more character enclosed within double quotes is called string constant");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("v. Boolean constant");
        System.out.println("the boolean constant can have only two types of values i.e. true or false.");
        System.out.println("- true and false are reserved words of java language.");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of variables
     */
    private void variables()
    {
        System.out.println("                        VARIABLES");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("- Variables are the programming element whose value may change during the exicution of a program");
        System.out.println("- a Variable is used in a program to represent a constant");
        System.out.println("- Constants are stored in computers memory and the variable variable name identifies the memory location where a constant is stored");
        System.out.println("- We can say a variable is a named memory location");
        System.out.println("- We can use a variable in a program only after declaring it");
    }
    /**
     * function to display format of variable declaration
     */
    private void format_varDeclr()
    {
        System.out.println("                    FORMAT OF VARIABLE DECLARATION");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println(" DataType variable1[, variable2, ........., variable_n];");
        System.out.println(" eg: int a;");
        System.out.println("     int a,b,c;");
    }
    /**
     * function to dispaly meaning of variable declaration
     */
    private void variable_declaration()
    {
        System.out.println("                        MEANING OF VARIABLE DECLARATION");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println(" Associating a variable name with a data type is known as variable declaration");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of variable initialization
     * (Static initialization of a variable)
     */
    private void var_initialization()
    {
        System.out.println("                        VARIABLE INITIALIZATION (STATICINITIALIZATION OF A VARIABLE");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("- Storing a value in a variable along with variable declaration is known as variable initialization or static initialization of a variable");
        System.out.println("- In static initialization of a variable its initial value is known during compilation");
        System.out.println(" eg: int a=10;");
    
    }
      
    /**
     * function to display details of dinamic initialization of a variable
     */
    private void dynamic_initialization()
    {
        System.out.println("                    DYNAMIC INITIALIZATION OF A VARIABLE");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("- Initializing a variable with an expression is called dynamic initialization.");
        System.out.println("- In dynamic initialization, the initial value of the variable is known during the execution of the program.");
    }
    /**
     * function to dispalay details of data types
     */
    private void data_types()
    {
        System.out.println("                                DATA TYPES");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("In a variable declaration statement, datatype is used to give the following information:");
        System.out.println("        i. type of constant");
        System.out.println("        ii. range of values that can be stored in variable");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        
    }
    /**
     * function to display classification of datatypes
     */
    private void classification_dataTypes()
    {
        System.out.println("                             DATA TYPE");
        System.out.println("                                  |");
        System.out.println("       ________________________________________________________________");
        System.out.println("      |                                                                |");
        System.out.println("   primitive datatype                                      non primitive datatype");
        System.out.println("            |                                                           |");
        System.out.println("  ___________________________                                           |");
        System.out.println(" |                           |                                          |- class");
        System.out.println("numeric               non-numeric----                                   |-array");
        System.out.println("    |                               |                                   |- interface");
        System.out.println("  _______________                   |_____________________");
        System.out.println("  |             |                      |                  |");
        System.out.println(" integer     floating point            |                  |");
        System.out.println("    |               |               ______________________________");
        System.out.println("    |-byte          |-float        |                              |");
        System.out.println("    |-short         |-double     character datatype            logical");
        System.out.println("    |-int                                  |                       |");
        System.out.println("    |-long                               char                   boolean");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of primitive datatypes
     */
    private void primitive()
    {
        System.out.println("                        PRIMITIVE DATATYPES");
        System.out.println("- Primitive datatype or fundamental datatypes are predefined datatypes provided by a programming language to store data in variable");
        System.out.println("- Java has 8 different primitive datatypes, all of which represent different kinds of values a variable can accept in a program.");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("                            DIFFERENT PRIMITIVE DATATYPES");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("i. Integers");
        System.out.println("* long");
        System.out.println("* int");
        System.out.println("* short");
        System.out.println("* byte");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("ii. Floating-point types");
        System.out.println("* float");
        System.out.println("* double");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("iii. Character Datatypes");
        System.out.println("* char");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("iv. Boolean datatype");
        System.out.println("* boolean");
    }
    /**
     * function to display comments in java
     */
    private void comments()
    {
        System.out.println("                        COMMENTS IN JAVA");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("A comment is a non executable statement used in a program to give some information about the program.");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("There are three types of comment statements in java");
        System.out.println("i. Single line comment- it is a common statement that consists of only 1 line");
        System.out.println("        - it starts with a symboll //");
        System.out.println("        - example: // i am doing project");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("ii. Multiline comment- It is a comment statement that contains one or more lines.");
        System.out.println("        - it starts with /* and ends with */");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("Documentation comment- It is a comment statement that may contains multiple lines and is useful for preparing a program documentation.");
        System.out.println("        - It starts with /** and ends with */");
    }
    /**
     * function to display output statements in java
     */
    private void output()
    {
        System.out.println("                    OUTPUT STATEMENTS IN JAVA");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("There are two types of options to dispalay outputs in java program:");
        System.out.println("i.  System.out.print");
        System.out.println("ii. System.out.println");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("i. System.out.print-");
        System.out.println("The cursor will remain on the same line after displaying the output.");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("ii. System.out.println-");
        System.out.println("The cursor will move to the next line after displaying the output.");
    }
    /**
     * function to display use of + operator in java
     */
    private void use_of_plus()
    {
        System.out.println("                USE OF + OPERATOR IN JAVA");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("i. If both the operands are numbers then this performs arethmatic addition");
        System.out.println("eg: 5+10 = 15");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("If atleast one of the operands is a string constant then this operator performs string concatenation");
        System.out.println("(String concatenation means joining two operands to form a string constant)");
        System.out.println();
    }
    /**
     * function to display outline of writing a simple jav program
     */
    private void outline()
    {
        System.out.println("           OUTLINE OF WRITING A SIMPLE JAVA PROGRAM");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("class ClassName");
        System.out.println("{");
        System.out.println("    //include a comment");
        System.out.println("    void functionName(Parameter list)");
        System.out.println("    {");
        System.out.println("        statement 1;");
        System.out.println("        statement 2;");
        System.out.println("            ::");
        System.out.println("            ::");
        System.out.println("        statement n;");
        System.out.println("    }");
        System.out.println("}");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of expression
     */
    private void expression()
    {
        System.out.println("                    EXPRESSIONS");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("An expression is a valid combination of operators and opearands.");
        System.out.println("for eg: a+b");
        System.out.println("In the above expression, '+' is operator and 'a' & 'b' are the operands.");
    }
    /**
     * function to display details of arithmatic operators
     */
    private void arithmatic()
    {
        System.out.println("                    ARITHMATIC OPERATORS");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("There are 5 arithmatic operators injava that are used to perform various arithmatic forms.");
        System.out.println("They are:");
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("    SIGN                           NAME/USE");
        System.out.println("     +                           Addition");
        System.out.println("     -                           Substraction");
        System.out.println("     *                           Multiplication");
        System.out.println("     /                           Division (div)");
        System.out.println("     %                           Modulus or modulo or mod");
    }
    /**
     * MAIN MENU
     */
    public void main()
    {
        Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
        int ch;
        do
        {
            displayMenu();
            ch=sc.nextInt();
            switch(ch)
            {
                case 1: System.out.println('\f');
                        advantages();
                        break;
                case 2: System.out.println('\f');
                        types(); 
                        break;
                case 3: System.out.println('\f');
                        character_set(); 
                        break;
                case 4: System.out.println('\f');
                        tokens();
                        break;
                case 5: System.out.println('\f');
                        statements();
                        break;
                case 6: System.out.println('\f');
                        keywords();
                        break;
                case 7: System.out.println('\f');
                        identifiers();
                        break;
                case 8: System.out.println('\f');
                        literals();
                        break;
                case 9: System.out.println('\f');
                        operators();
                        break;
                case 10: System.out.println('\f');
                         seperators();
                         break;
                case 11: System.out.println('\f');
                         compiler();
                         break;
                case 12: System.out.println('\f');
                         interpreter();
                         break;
                case 13: System.out.println('\f');
                         rules();
                         break;
                case 14: System.out.println('\f');
                         constant_types();
                         break;
                case 15: System.out.println('\f');
                         variables();
                         break;
                case 16: System.out.println('\f');
                         format_varDeclr();
                         break;
                case 17: System.out.println('\f');
                         variable_declaration();
                         break;
                case 18: System.out.println('\f');
                         var_initialization();
                         break;
                case 19: System.out.println('\f');
                         dynamic_initialization();
                         break;
                case 20: System.out.println('\f');
                         data_types();
                         break;
                case 21: System.out.println('\f');
                         classification_dataTypes();
                         break;
                case 22: System.out.println('\f');
                         primitive();
                         break;
                case 23: System.out.println('\f');
                         comments();
                         break;
                case 24: System.out.println('\f');
                         output();
                         break;
                case 25: System.out.println('\f');
                         use_of_plus();
                         break;
                case 26: System.out.println('\f');
                         outline();
                         break;
                case 27: System.out.println('\f');
                         expression();
                         break;
                case 28: System.out.println('\f');
                         arithmatic();
                         break;
                case 0: System.out.println('\f');
                        System.out.println("Going back to main menu");
                        Main m1=new Main();
                        m1.main_fn();
                        break;
                default: System.out.println("Invalid choice");
            }
            if(ch!=0)
            {
                System.out.println();
                System.out.println("Press any key to continue....");
                sc.skip("\n");
                String tmp=sc.nextLine();
            }
        }while(ch!=0);
    }
}