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omtd-share-ontology.ttl
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omtd-share-ontology.ttl
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@prefix : <http://w3id.org/meta-share/omtd-share/> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix grddl: <http://www.w3.org/2003/g/data-view#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
<http://w3id.org/meta-share/omtd-share/> a owl:Ontology .
:FactChecking a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Fact-checking"@en;
skos:broader :InformationExtraction;
skos:definition "The act of checking factual assertions in non-fictional text in order to determine the veracity and correctness of the factual statements in the text [from Wikipedia]"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Fact checking"@en;
skos:related :FakeNewsDetection .
:Mimetype a skos:Concept;
skos:inScheme :MimeTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Mimetype"@en;
skos:topConceptOf :MimeTypeScheme .
:TdmMethod a skos:Concept;
skos:definition "The method used by a TDM/LT algorithm"@en;
skos:inScheme :TdmMethodScheme;
skos:narrower :Crowdsourcing, :FiniteStateTechnology, :MachineAndStatisticalLearningMethod,
:MachineLearningMethod, :RuleBasedMethod, :StatisticalLearningMethod;
skos:prefLabel "TDM/LT Method"@en;
skos:topConceptOf :TdmMethodScheme .
:VideoFormat a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DataFormat;
skos:definition "Any format used for video files"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:narrower :avi, :mp4 .
:ParallelSentenceExtraction a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :MachineTranslationSupport;
skos:definition "The task/process of identifying parallel sentences (i.e. sentences that have the same sense in different languages) in parallel texts"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Parallel sentence extraction"@en .
:ComponentType a skos:Concept;
skos:definition "Specifies the type of a component, in terms of the function/task it performs"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:narrower :AccessComponent, :Analyzer, :PreOrPostProcessor, :Processor, :SupportComponent;
skos:prefLabel "Component type"@en;
skos:topConceptOf :ComponentTypeScheme .
:CorpusFormat a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DataFormat;
skos:definition "A format used by a specific type of corpus (collection of texts)"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:narrower :AclAnthologyCorpusFormat, :AimedCorpusFormat, :BncFormat, :Imscwb,
:KeaCorpus, :MOSESFormat, :Nif, :Reuters21578Sgml, :Reuters21578Txt, :Tcf, :TigerXml,
:Tuepp, :WARC, :Web1t;
skos:prefLabel "Corpus format"@en .
:FeatureExtraction skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:FrequencyCount skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:QuestionAnswering skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:Summarization skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:ZeroShotClassification skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:Zip :hasFileExtension "zip"@en .
:ConllFormat a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :AnnotationFormat, :TabularFormat;
skos:definition "Formats used in the CoNLL Shared Tasks"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:narrower :Conll2000, :Conll2002, :Conll2003, :Conll2006, :Conll2008, :Conll2009,
:Conll2012, :ConllU;
skos:prefLabel "CoNLL format"@en .
:DiscourseAnalysis a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :LinguisticAnalysis;
skos:definition "A method of analysing the structure of texts or utterances longer than one sentence, taking into account both their linguistic content and their sociolinguistic context; analysis performed using this method.[OED, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/discourse_analysis]"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Discourse analysis"@en .
:DocumentFormat a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DataFormat;
skos:definition "Any format used for documents (textual resources)"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:narrower :BionlpFormat, :BionlpFormats, :Cochrane, :Html, :LD_json, :Latex, :MsExcel,
:MsPowerpoint, :MsWord, :OasisPresentation, :OasisSpreadsheet, :OasisText, :OpenOfficeDocument,
:OpenOfficePresentation, :OpenOfficeSpreadsheet, :Pdf, :Pls, :Postscript, :Pubmed,
:Rtf, :Sgml, :Tex, :Text, :Tika, :Xhtml, :Xmi;
skos:prefLabel "Document format"@en .
:NamedEntityRecognition a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Entity Identification"@en, "Entity Recognition"@en, "Entity extraction"@en,
"NER"@en, "NERC"@en;
skos:editorialNote "can also be annotation"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :NamedEntityDisambiguation;
skos:prefLabel "Named Entity Recognition"@en .
:HumourDetection skos:scopeNote "The task of identifying in a text structures and phrases of humour"@en,
"The task of identifying in a text structures and phrases of humour"@en-us .
:FacialExpressionRecognition skos:broader :OperationWithMultimediaInputOrOutput .
:SemanticAnnotation a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :TextAnnotation;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :AnnotationOfMeasurements, :AnnotationOfNumbers, :AnnotationOfQuestionTopics,
:AnnotationOfTextualEntailment, :CertaintyLevelLabelling, :EntityLinking, :EventLabelling,
:FrameSemanticParsing, :PolarityLabelling, :SemanticClassLabelling, :SemanticRelationLabelling,
:SemanticRoleLabelling, :SpatialRoleLabelling, :TemporalExpressionsLabelling, :TerminologyMarkup;
skos:prefLabel "Semantic annotation"@en .
:KnowledgeAcquisition a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :TextAndDataMining;
skos:definition "The task/process of extracting, organising and systematising knowledge usually of a specific domain from external sources so that it can be used in a knowledge-based system"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :BilingualLexiconInduction, :LexiconAcquisitionFromCorpora, :LexiconEnhancement,
:LexiconExtractionFromLexica, :OntologyAcquisition, :OntologyEnhancement;
skos:prefLabel "Knowledge acquisition"@en .
:CoreferenceAnnotation a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Co-reference annotation"@en, "Coreference identification"@en;
skos:broader :DiscourseAnnotation;
skos:definition "The task/process of attaching tags to a text unit and linking it to other text units that refer to the same entity in the world"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Coreference annotation"@en;
skos:related :AnaphoraAnnotation .
:SupportOperation a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Operation;
skos:definition "Any operation that is used to support LT tasks, either for creating workflows or for executing them"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :BuildingOfFiniteStateAutomata, :CommentFiltering, :CorpusManagement,
:DataCollection, :DataMerging, :DataSplitting, :Debugging, :Editing, :FeatureExtraction,
:FillMask, :FlowControl, :FormatConversion, :InformationStorage, :LanguageModelling,
:LinguisticAnalysis, :MachineTranslationSupport, :Matching, :NlpDevelopmentSupport,
:Normalization, :ResourceAccess, :ScriptBasedAnalysis, :Search, :SupportOfCrowdsourcingTasks,
:SupportOperationForKnowledgeResources, :TagsetConversion, :TerminologyManagement,
:TranslationMemoryManagement, :TranslationProjectManagement, :UnicodeConformTokenizing,
:UserAuthentication, :Validation, :Viewing, :Visualization, :ZeroShotClassification;
skos:prefLabel "Support operation"@en .
:OasisSpreadsheet a skos:Concept;
:hasMimetype :application_vnd_oasis_opendocument_spreadsheet;
skos:broader :DocumentFormat, :OpenFormat, :TabularFormat;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Oasis spreadsheet"@en .
:avi a skos:Concept;
:hasFileExtension "avi";
:hasMimetype :video_avi;
skos:altLabel "Audio Video Interleave"@en;
skos:broader :VideoFormat;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "AVI"@en .
:UimaCasFormat a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DataFormat;
skos:definition "Formats used for the UIMA CAS (Common Analysis System) objects"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:narrower :BinaryCas, :SerializedCas, :Uima_json;
skos:prefLabel "UIMA CAS format"@en .
:application_x_org_dkpro_graf_xml a owl:NamedIndividual, skos:Concept .
:ContentMining a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Operation;
skos:definition "The automated analysis of large volumes of content of any form or medium (e.g. text, images, videos, graphs, metadata etc.) that leads to the discovery of previously undiscovered information (e.g. identification of relationships between entities)."@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Content Mining"@en;
skos:related :TextAndDataMining .
:Blikiwikipedia :documentationUrl "https://dkpro.github.io/dkpro-core/releases/1.8.0/docs/format-reference.html#format-de.tudarmstadt.ukp.dkpro.core.io.bliki-asl";
skos:broader :WikipediaFormat .
:TextProcessingCollection a skos:Collection;
rdfs:label "Text Processing Collection"@en;
skos:member :Alignment, :AnaphoraAnnotation, :AnaphoraResolution, :AnnotationOfCompounds,
:AnnotationOfDates, :AnnotationOfDerivationalFeatures, :AnnotationOfDocumentStructure,
:AnnotationOfMeasurements, :AnnotationOfMultiWordUnits, :AnnotationOfNumbers, :AnnotationOfQuestionTopics,
:AnnotationOfTextualEntailment, :Anonymization, :Argumentation, :AuthorClassification,
:AuthoringSupport, :BelowPosTagging, :BiomedicalConceptNormalization, :BuildingOfFiniteStateAutomata,
:CertaintyLevelLabelling, :Chunking, :CoReferenceResolution, :CommentFiltering, :ConceptNormalization,
:ConstituencyParsing, :CoreferenceAnnotation, :Crawling, :DataCollection, :DataMasking,
:DataMerging, :DataSplitting, :DeepParserPerformanceEvaluation, :DeepParsing, :DependencyParsing,
:DerivationalAnalysis, :DiscourseAnalysis, :DiscourseAnnotation, :DiscourseModelling,
:DocumentComparison, :Editing, :EntityLinking, :EvaluationOfBroadCoverageNaturalLanguageParsers,
:EventLabelling, :FrameSemanticParsing, :GrammarChecking, :IntraDocumentCoReferenceResolution,
:L2WritingSupport, :LanguageChecking, :LanguageIdentification, :Lemmatization, :LinguisticAnalysis,
:MorphologicalAnalysis, :MorphologicalAnnotation, :MorphosyntacticTagging, :NamedEntityDisambiguation,
:NamedEntityRecognition, :Normalization, :NormalizationOfMeasurements, :NormalizationOfNumbers,
:NounPhraseChunking, :ParagraphSplitting, :Paraphrasing, :Parsing, :PhraseAlignment,
:PolarityLabelling, :PosTagging, :Pseudonymization, :ReadabilityAnnotation, :RecognizingTextualEntailment,
:RelationExtraction, :SemanticAnnotation, :SemanticClassLabelling, :SemanticRelationLabelling,
:SemanticRoleLabelling, :SentenceAlignment, :SentenceSimilarityAssessment, :SentenceSplitting,
:SentimentAnalysis, :SpatialRoleLabelling, :SpellChecking, :Stemming, :StructuralAnnotation,
:Summarization, :SyllableSegmentation, :TaskOrientedTextAnalysisEvaluation, :TemporalExpressionsLabelling,
:TerminologyMarkup, :TextAndDataAnalytics, :TextAnnotation, :TextCategorization, :TextCompression,
:TextEncryption, :TextIndexing, :TextSimilarityAssessment, :TextSimplification, :Tokenization,
:TopicDetection, :Transliteration, :UnicodeConformTokenizing, :WordAlignment, :WordSegmentation,
:WordSenseDisambiguation, :WordSenseInduction;
skos:prefLabel "Text Processing Collection"@en .
:application_rdf_xml skos:broader :Mimetype .
:AnnotationFormat a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DataFormat;
skos:definition "Any format used for annotated files"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:narrower :ANNIS, :AlvisEnrichedDocumentFormat, :Anafora, :BLAST, :Brat, :Cadixe_json,
:Chat, :ConllFormat, :Diaml, :DkproTokenized, :EAF, :Emma, :FactoredTagLemFormat,
:Folia, :Graf, :Html5Microdata, :I2b2, :InlineXml, :Kaf, :Lll, :MalletLdaTopicProportions,
:MalletLdaTopicProportionsSorted, :MsExcel, :Naf, :NegraExport, :Nif, :Pml, :Ptb,
:Tcf, :Tei, :Tgrep2, :TigerXml, :Tmx, :Tuepp, :WebAnnotationFormat, :Xces;
skos:prefLabel "Annotation format"@en .
:RepresentationOfSpaceAndTime a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :InformationExtraction;
skos:definition "The representation of time and space plays a crucial role in Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics, but also in practical areas such as business intelligence or geographical information systems. Representing time and space properly eases querying and reasoning thereof. <br /> <br /> Geographic information systems use traditional techniques from image processing and CAD, like a pixel/raster or a vector representation of spatial data. Temporal data bases extend tradional relational data models by the notion of <i>valid time</i> and <i>transaction time</i>. <br /> <br /> When we speak of time, we mean a linear, dense, and one-dimensional time. With space, we usually refer to a two- or three-dimensional space, often using a latitude/longitude measurement in degrees in case of a spherical 2D geometry or a system of coordinates/trajectories for a Euclidean 2D/3D space. Classical observable spacetime then refers to a 3+1-dimensional continuum in which physical objects move through time and space (Tegmark 1997). Even abstract events or processes can be seen to take place in 4D spacetime. Physical and abstract 4D entities are usually composed of simpler entities -- here, both time and space are the glue to achieve a decomposition. For instance, Allen (1984) has defined a natural system of 13 temporal topological relations. Randell et al. (1992) came up with a logic (later called RCC) to support qualitative reasoning about space. <br /> <br /> Human natural language usually comes up with means to refer to time and space, for instance through the use of temporal and spatial prepositions, adverbs, or verb tense and aspect (Vendler 1967, Moens & Steedman 1988, Herskovits 1986). Several algorithms exist which compute the temporal structure of a discourse (e.g., Hitzeman et al. 1995). When constructing mental models of space derived from text, it has been shown that the representation is more topological than Euclidean (Langston et al. 1998). <br /> <br /> Within theoretical and computational linguistics, type-logical semantics and categorial grammar have given a rigorous account to tense, aspect, and temporal modification through the use of a possible-worlds semantics (see, e.g., Carpenter 1997). <br /> <br /> Studying time from a formal perspective, focussing on the inherent properties of a theory, has a long tradition in logic (e.g., Hayes 1995), artificial intelligence (e.g., McDermott 1982), description logics (e.g., Bry & Spranger 2003, Lutz 2004), or data base theory (Date et al. 2002). <br /> <br /> Looking from a more practical viewpoint on time, a number of frameworks have been proposed within the World Wide Web Consortium W3C: (i) ISO 8601 is an international standard for date and time representations issued by the International Organization for Standardization (Wolf & Wicksteed 1998); (ii) XSD (XML Schema Datatypes) comes up with a number of built-in primitive datatype for time and date (Peterson et al. 2008); (iii) OWL-Time (formerly DAML-Time; see Hobbs & Pan 2004) is an OWL ontology of temporal concepts and properties for describing the temporal content of Web pages and the temporal properties of Web services. <br /> <br /> Representing changing relationships over time and space is related to the problem of diachronic identity which describes the identification of individuals that look different at different times, but still refer to the same entity. The four-dimensional or perdurantist view assumes that all entities (the perdurants) only exist for some period of time. Entities under this view are sometimes refered to as <i>spacetime worms</i> (Sider 2001), since a 4D trajectory is all one needs to identify/follow a perdurant through time and space. Parts of such a worm are called <i>time slices</i>, encoding cooccurent information that stay constant over the specified period of time. There exist several well-known techniques of extending a relation with time and space: (i) equip the relation with further arguments as is done in temporal data bases; (ii) apply a meta-logical predicate (McCarthy & Hayes 1969); (iii) reifiy the original relation as used in RDF (Manola & Miller 2004). Unfortunately, (i) and (ii) are not applicable to OWL (Smith et al. 2004), whereas (iii) requires ontology rewriting. Welty & Fikes (2006) and Krieger et al. (2008) present alternative approaches compatible with OWL."@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Representation of space and time"@en .
:Localization a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Localisation"@en-GB;
skos:broader :Translation;
skos:definition "The process of adapting a product or content to a specific locale or market, including translation of relevant language material but also converting to local measures and currency units, modifications necessary to adapt to cultural differences of the target audience, etc. [adapted from https://www.gala-global.org/industry/intro-language-industry/what-localization]"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Localization"@en .
:Validation a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Operation, :SupportOperation;
skos:definition "The task/process of confirming that a system/data resource meets the specifications and fulfills its intended purpose"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Validation"@en .
:Json a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DataFormat;
skos:definition "Superclass of JSON formats"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:narrower :Avro_json, :Cadixe_json, :Datasift_json, :Gate_twitter_json, :JsonL,
:Json_genia, :Kaf, :LD_json, :Uima_json, :WebAnnotationFormat;
skos:prefLabel "JSON"@en .
:NlpDevelopmentSupport a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "NLP Development Aid"@en;
skos:broader :SupportOperation;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "NLP Development Support"@en .
:ParalanguageAnnotation skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:HandwritingRecognition a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "HWR"@en;
skos:broader :OperationWithMultimediaInputOrOutput;
skos:definition "The ability of a computer to receive and interpret intelligible handwritten input from sources such as paper documents, photographs, touch-screens and other devices [from Wikipedia]"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Handwriting recognition"@en .
:Annotator a skos:Concept;
:performsOperation :Annotation;
skos:altLabel "Tagger"@en;
skos:broader :Processor;
skos:definition "A component that annotates any data (text, video, audio etc.), i.e. adds any descriptive or analytic notations (structural, linguistic, etc) to raw data"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:narrower :Aligner, :Chunker, :CoReferenceAnnotator, :Lemmatizer, :MorphologicalTagger,
:NamedEntitityRecognizer, :Parser, :Segmenter, :SemanticAnnotator, :Stemmer;
skos:prefLabel "Annotator"@en .
:GrammarChecker a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :PreOrPostProcessor;
skos:definition "A component that corrects grammatical mistakes in a text"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Grammar checker"@en .
:SemanticRoleLabelling a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Semantic role labeling [en-US]"@en-us;
skos:broader :SemanticAnnotation;
skos:definition "The task/process of attaching labels that correspond to the roles that the arguments of a predicate take in an event"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Semantic role labelling"@en .
:Parser a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Syntactic analyzer"@en;
skos:broader :Annotator;
skos:definition "A component that takes as input text and returns a form of data structure (e.g. syntactic parse as a tree, or bracketed structure etc.)"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:narrower :ConstituencyParser, :DependencyParser;
skos:prefLabel "Parser"@en .
:StructuralAnnotationType a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :AnnotationType;
skos:definition "Any type of annotation that pertains to the structure of a document"@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:narrower :Clause, :DocumentSection, :MultiWordUnit, :Paragraph, :Phrase, :Sentence,
:Token, :Word;
skos:prefLabel "Structural annotation type"@en .
:ImageVideoProcessingCollection a skos:Collection;
rdfs:label "Image / Video Processing Collection"@en;
skos:member :AvatarSynthesis, :DocumentImageAnalysis, :EmotionGeneration, :FaceDetection,
:FaceRecognition, :FaceVerification, :FacialExpressionRecognition, :HandwritingRecognition,
:ImageClassification, :ImageGeneration, :ImageProcessing, :ImageSegmentation, :ImageTranslation,
:ImageUnderstanding, :MultimediaAnnotation, :MultimediaDevelopment, :MultimediaDocumentProcessing,
:MultimediaInformationExtraction, :MultimodalIntegration, :ObjectDetection, :OpticalCharacterRecognition,
:PersonIdentification, :SignLanguageGeneration, :SignLanguageRecognition, :TextToImageGeneration;
skos:prefLabel "Image / Video Processing Collection"@en .
:KeaCorpus skos:prefLabel "KEA corpus"@en .
:OperationWithMultimediaInputOrOutput a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Operation;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :AudioProcessing, :EmotionGeneration, :FaceDetection, :FaceRecognition,
:FaceVerification, :HumanComputerInteraction, :ImageClassification, :ImageGeneration,
:ImageProcessing, :ImageSegmentation, :MultimediaDevelopment, :MultimediaDocumentProcessing,
:MultimodalIntegration, :MultimodalSynthesis, :ObjectDetection, :PersonIdentification,
:SignLanguageGeneration, :SignLanguageRecognition, :SpeechAssistedVideoControl, :SpeechRecognition,
:TalkingHeadSynthesis;
skos:prefLabel "Operation with multimedia input or output"@en .
:SupportComponent a skos:Concept;
:performsOperation :SupportOperation;
skos:altLabel "Helper"@en;
skos:broader :ComponentType;
skos:definition "A component that provides support to developers"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:narrower :Converter, :CrowdsourcingComponent, :DataCollector, :DataMerger, :DataSplitter,
:Debugger, :Editor, :Evaluator, :FeatureExtractor, :FlowController, :MachineLearningPredictor,
:Matcher, :ScriptBasedAnalyser, :SoftwareDevelopmentEnvironment, :TrainerOfMachineLearningModels,
:Validator, :Viewer, :Visualiser;
skos:prefLabel "Support component"@en .
:AnnotationOfDates a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Date Detection"@en, "Date Recognition"@en;
skos:broader :TemporalExpressionsLabelling;
skos:definition "The task/process of marking dates in a text"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Annotation of dates"@en .
:application_rdf_xml a skos:Concept;
skos:inScheme :MimeTypeScheme .
:SpeechProcessingCollection skos:member :MultimodalSynthesis .
:Tei a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "http://www.tei-c.org/index.xml", "https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/tei+xml";
:hasMimetype :application_tei_xml;
skos:altLabel "Text Encoding Initiative"@en;
skos:broader :AnnotationFormat, :Xml;
skos:definition "Data format for TEI-encoded (Text Encoding Initiative) texts"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "TEI"@en .
:ParagraphSplitting a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Paragraph segmentation"@en;
skos:broader :StructuralAnnotation;
skos:definition "The task/process of segmenting a text into paragraphs and marking their boundaries"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Paragraph splitting"@en .
:SyntacticAnnotationType a skos:Concept;
owl:equivalentClass <http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory>;
skos:broader :AnnotationType;
skos:definition "Any type of annotation that pertains to the syntactic level"@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:narrower :Chunk, :ConstituencyTree, :Constituent, :Dependency, :DependencyTree,
:SubcategorizationFrame, :SyntacticoSemanticLink;
skos:prefLabel "Syntactic annotation type"@en .
:Analyzer a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Extractor"@en;
skos:broader :ComponentType;
skos:definition "A component that is used for analyzing an input text in order to extract specific features/information (e.g. word list), or to produce statements over the whole text (e.g. classify it by topic)"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:narrower :ContradictionDetector, :Disambiguator, :DocumentClassifier, :EmotionRecognizer,
:EventExtractor, :InformationExtractor, :KeywordExtractor, :LanguageIdentifier, :LexiconExtractorFromCorpora,
:LexiconExtractorFromLexica, :PersuasiveExpressionMiner, :SentimentAnalyzer, :TermExtractor,
:TopicExtractor, :VariablesDectector;
skos:prefLabel "Analyzer"@en .
:EmotionLabelling a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Emotion labeling [en-US]"@en-us;
skos:broader :InformationExtraction;
skos:definition "The task/process of identifying types of feelings (e.g. anger, fear, happiness, sadness, etc.) in the linguistic expression of texts or facial expressions"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Emotion labelling"@en .
:ImageFormat a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DataFormat;
skos:definition "Any format used for image files"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:narrower :bmp, :gif, :jpg, :png, :svg, :tiff;
skos:prefLabel "Image format"@en .
:Lll a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "https://builds.openminted.eu/job/WP%205.2%20-%20Typesystem%20alignment/eu.openminted.interop$mapping-conversion/doclinks/1/components.html#_lll_1";
skos:broader :AnnotationFormat;
skos:definition "Format of the LLL challenge"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "LLL"@en .
:Operation a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Function"@en, "Task"@en;
skos:definition "The action that a software program performs or is meant to perform, and, in a broader sense, the application area where this software or relevant resources can be deployed"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :Annotation, :AuthoringSupport, :ContentMining, :Evaluation, :LanguageTechnology,
:NaturalLanguageGeneration, :NaturalLanguageUnderstanding, :OperationWithMultimediaInputOrOutput,
:SupportOperation, :TextAndDataMining, :TextSpeechDataAnalytics, :Translation;
skos:prefLabel "Operation"@en;
skos:topConceptOf :OperationScheme .
:KeaCorpus skos:definition "KEA-style (Keyphrase Extraction Algorithm) corpus"@en .
:OfficialText skos:broader :SocialSciencesEntity .
:FillMask skos:broader :ModelFunction .
:image_png skos:broader :Mimetype .
:AllbusVariable a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :SocialSciencesEntity;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "ALLBUS variable"@en .
:FiniteStateTechnology a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :TdmMethod;
skos:definition "In data communications, flow control is the process of managing the rate of data transmission between two nodes to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver. It provides a mechanism for the receiver to control the transmission speed, so that the receiving node is not overwhelmed with data from transmitting node."@en;
skos:inScheme :TdmMethodScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Finite state technology"@en;
skos:related :BuildingOfFiniteStateAutomata .
:TextToSpeechSynthesis a skos:Concept;
owl:equivalentClass :SpeechSynthesis;
skos:altLabel "TTS"@en, "Text to Speech Synthesis"@en;
skos:broader :NaturalLanguageGeneration;
skos:definition "The task/process of converting speech into natural language text"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :DocumentReading;
skos:prefLabel "Text-to-Speech Synthesis"@en .
:NaturalLanguageGeneration skos:scopeNote "Natural Language Generation (NLG) is concerned with turning some usually non-linguistic representation of information and intended effect into fluent text preserving both meaning and intention. NLG systems often identify the content to be verbalized. They structure the document into interrelated sentence-sized chunks, choose appropriate words, aggregate and elide information to ensure fluency, create contextually appropriate referring expressions, such as pronouns, and follow grammatical constraints of the chosen language. All this is achieved using knowledge about the world and the domain of dicsourse, about communication and about languages. NLG components are used for e.g. automatic report generation, document authoring, dialogue, concept-to-speech, multi-modal and machine translation systems. Evaluating the correctness and the appropriateness of generated text is a research theme on its own since there is usually no single correct solution. One important way to tackle the problem consists in creating reference corpora and performing shared evaluation tasks, e.g. on generating referring expressions. However, this is not intended to replace less formal evaluation strategies such as human assessments."@en .
:application_vnd_openxmlformats_officedocument_presentationml_presentation skos:inScheme
:MimeTypeScheme .
:Paraphrasing a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :NaturalLanguageGeneration;
skos:definition "A task/process whereby a text fragment is reproduced with another text fragment that conveys the same or similar information"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Paraphrasing"@en .
:FacialExpressionRecognition skos:altLabel "Facial expression detection"@en .
:ChemicalEntity a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DomainSpecificAnnotationType;
skos:definition "Any kind of annotation pertaining to entities from chemistry"@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Chemical entity"@en .
:LanguageDetection a skos:Concept .
:Reader a skos:Concept;
:performsOperation :Reading;
skos:broader :AccessComponent;
skos:definition "A component that reads content of various types (pdf, txt, xml etc.)"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Reader"@en .
:LinguisticAnalysis a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Language Analysis"@en, "Language Analysis and Understanding"@en, "Linguistic research"@en;
skos:broader :SupportOperation;
skos:definition "Any operation that aims at the analysis of language or its structure"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :AnaphoraResolution, :CoReferenceResolution, :DerivationalAnalysis,
:DiscourseAnalysis, :MorphologicalAnalysis, :Parsing;
skos:prefLabel "Linguistic analysis"@en .
:audio_basic skos:inScheme :MimeTypeScheme .
:MorphologicalAnnotation a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :TextAnnotation;
skos:definition "The task/process of adding annotations pertaining to the morphological level of analysis (e.g. gender, number, person etc.)"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :AnnotationOfCompounds, :AnnotationOfDerivationalFeatures, :AnnotationOfMultiWordUnits,
:BelowPosTagging, :SyllableSegmentation, :WordSegmentation;
skos:prefLabel "Morphological annotation"@en .
:BiologicalEnity a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DomainSpecificAnnotationType;
skos:definition "Any kind of annotation pertaining to entities of biology"@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:narrower :BiologicalActivity, :BrainRegion, :Chemical, :IonicChannel, :IonicConductance,
:IonicCurrent, :Metabolite, :ModelOrganism_species, :Neuron, :Protein, :Species, :Synapse;
skos:prefLabel "Biological enity"@en .
:Evaluation a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Operation;
skos:definition "The task/process of assessing the quality of a resource, e.g. based on the contents (for a dataset) or performance (for a tool or service)"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :DeepParserPerformanceEvaluation, :EvaluationOfBroadCoverageNaturalLanguageParsers,
:EvaluationOfMachineTranslationAndTranslationTools, :SpeechSynthesisEvaluation, :TaskOrientedTextAnalysisEvaluation;
skos:prefLabel "Evaluation"@en .
:audio_flac skos:altLabel "audio/x-flac" .
:PackageFormat a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DataFormat;
skos:definition "The package format of the distribution in which one or more data files are grouped together, e.g. to enable a set of related files to be downloaded together."@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Package format"@en .
:Date a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "http://dkpro.github.io/dkpro-core/releases/1.8.0/docs/typesystem-reference.html#de.tudarmstadt.ukp.dkpro.core.api.ner.type.Date";
owl:equivalentClass <http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Date>;
skos:broader :NamedEntity;
skos:definition "A text unit that denotes a date, a specific point in time"@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Date"@en .
:SpeakerIdentification a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "SR"@en, "Speaker Recognition"@en, "VR"@en, "Voice Recognition"@en;
skos:broader :SpeechRecognition;
skos:definition "The task/process of identifying/recognizing who the person speaking is"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Speaker identification"@en .
:DocumentImageAnalysis skos:scopeNote "Document image analysis is the theory and practice of recovering the logical structure of digital images scanned from documents or produced by computer. It includes optical character recognition as one of its subfields, but has more ambitious tasks, both in the breadth (understand diagrams, music scores, images ...), and depth (e.g. the correct interpretation of a scanned mathematical formula)."@en .
:Html5Microdata a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "https://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/";
:hasMimetype :text_html;
skos:broader :AnnotationFormat, :Html;
skos:definition "Format according to the specifications of HTML5 Microdata"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "HTML5 Microdata"@en .
:Alto a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALTO_(XML)";
:hasMimetype :application_xml_alto;
skos:broader :Xml;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme .
:FillMask skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:VideoFormat skos:prefLabel "Video format"@en .
:WikipediaRevision a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "https://dkpro.github.io/dkpro-core/releases/1.8.0/docs/format-reference.html#format-WikipediaRevision";
skos:broader :WikipediaFormat;
skos:definition "Format for wikipedia revision pages"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Wikipedia revision"@en .
:ModelFunction a skos:Concept;
skos:definition "A subset of functions specific to models"@en;
skos:narrower :Annotation, :AudioProcessing, :DialogueModelling, :FeatureExtraction,
:FillMask, :ImageGeneration, :ImageProcessing, :ImageSegmentation, :QuestionAnswering,
:Summarization, :TextGeneration, :ZeroShotClassification;
skos:prefLabel "Model function"@en;
skos:topConceptOf :ModelFunctionScheme .
:FaceRecognition a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Facial recognition"@en;
skos:broader :OperationWithMultimediaInputOrOutput;
skos:definition "The task/process of identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source [adapted from Wikipedia]"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Face recognition"@en .
:MachineTranslationSupport a skos:Concept .
:TextSimilarityAssessment a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Text similarity checking"@en, "Textual similarity assessment"@en, "Textual similarity checking"@en;
skos:definition "The task of determining the degree of closeness between two pieces of text"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :SentenceSimilarityAssessment;
skos:prefLabel "Text similarity assessment"@en .
:application_vnd_openxmlformats_officedocument_spreadsheetml_sheet a skos:Concept .
:NamedEntitityRecognizer a skos:Concept;
:performsOperation :NamedEntityRecognition;
skos:broader :Annotator;
skos:definition "A component that seeks to locate and classify elements in a text into pre-defined categories such as the names of persons, organizations, locations, expressions of times, discipline-specific classes, etc"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Named entitity recognizer"@en .
:DimensionalityReduction a skos:Concept;
dc:source "adapted from Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction)"@en;
skos:broader :MachineAndStatisticalLearningMethod;
skos:definition "A method based on reducing the number of random variables under consideration, via obtaining a set of principal variables."@en;
skos:inScheme :TdmMethodScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Dimensionality Reduction"@en .
:Species a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :BiologicalEnity, :NamedEntity;
skos:definition "A set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed with each other"@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:narrower :WheatRelatedSpecies;
skos:prefLabel "Species"@en .
:SupportOperationCollection a skos:Collection;
rdfs:label "Support operation Collection"@en;
skos:member :BilingualLexiconInduction, :BuildingOfFiniteStateAutomata, :CommentFiltering,
:CorpusManagement, :CorpusViewing, :Crawling, :DataCollection, :DataMerging, :DataSplitting,
:Debugging, :DeepParserPerformanceEvaluation, :DependencyConversion, :DialogueModelling,
:Editing, :Evaluation, :EvaluationOfBroadCoverageNaturalLanguageParsers, :EvaluationOfMachineTranslationAndTranslationTools,
:FeatureExtraction, :FillMask, :FlowControl, :FormatConversion, :FrequencyCount, :GazeteerBasedMatching,
:InformationStorage, :LanguageModelling, :LexiconAccess, :LexiconAcquisitionFromCorpora,
:LexiconCreation, :LexiconEnhancement, :LexiconExtractionFromLexica, :LexiconFormatConversion,
:LexiconMerging, :LexiconViewing, :LexiconVisualization, :MachineTranslationSupport,
:ManagementOfAnnotations, :Matching, :NlpDevelopmentSupport, :ParallelSentenceExtraction,
:Reading, :ResourceAccess, :ScriptBasedAnalysis, :SpeechSynthesisEvaluation, :StatisticalLanguageModelling,
:SupportOfCrowdsourcingTasks, :SupportOperation, :SupportOperationForKnowledgeResources,
:TagsetConversion, :TaskOrientedTextAnalysisEvaluation, :TerminologyManagement, :TrainingOfLanguageModels,
:TrainingOfMachineLearningModels, :TrainingOfNmtModels, :TranslationMemoryManagement,
:TranslationProjectManagement, :UnicodeConformTokenizing, :UserAuthentication, :Validation,
:Viewing, :Visualization, :Writing, :ZeroShotClassification;
skos:prefLabel "Support operation Collection"@en .
:AnnotationOfQuestionTopics skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:AnaphoraAnnotation skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:ProsodicAnnotation skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:Chunking skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:DialogueModelling skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:SyllableSegmentation skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:SoundToTextAlignment skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:SpeakerDiarization skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:CertaintyLevelLabelling skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:DiscourseModelling skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:AudioProcessing skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:SemanticClassLabelling skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:SpatialRoleLabelling skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:PolarityLabelling skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:Stemming skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:SpeechAnnotation skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:WordSegmentation skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:DependencyParsing skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:AnnotationOfDocumentStructure skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:Concordancing a skos:Concept .
:AnnotationOfDerivationalFeatures skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:ClusteringMethod a skos:Concept;
dc:source "adapted from wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis)"@en;
skos:broader :MachineAndStatisticalLearningMethod;
skos:definition "Any method used in clustering or cluster analysis, i.e. in grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (cluster) are more similar (in some sense or another) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters)."@en;
skos:example "k-means, k-nearest neighbours"@en;
skos:inScheme :TdmMethodScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Clustering Method"@en .
:OpenOfficeSpreadsheet a skos:Concept;
:hasMimetype :application_vnd_openxmlformats_officedocument_spreadsheetml_sheet;
skos:broader :DocumentFormat, :OpenFormat, :TabularFormat, :Xml;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Open office spreadsheet"@en .
:Polarity a skos:Concept;
owl:equivalentClass <http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#PolarityFeature>;
skos:broader :SemanticAnnotationType;
skos:definition "A feature that distinguishes between positive, negative or neutral; in sentiment analysis, it refers to determining whether the expressed opinion in a document, a sentence or an entity feature/aspect is positive, negative, or neutral. [adapted from Wikipedia]"@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Polarity"@en .
:CrossLingualSearch a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "CLIR"@en, "Cross-lingual information retrieval"@en, "Cross-lingual search"@en,
"Translingual information retrieval"@en;
skos:broader :InformationRetrieval;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Cross-language Information Retrieval"@en;
skos:related :MultilingualInformationRetrieval;
skos:scopeNote "Cross-language information retrieval means using queries in one language to search for documents in a different language. Multilingual information retrieval is a broader term, which includes the case where queries in different languages are used, but only for searching documents in the same language."@en .
:DocumentImageAnalysis skos:scopeNote "The processing of images of documents in order to obtain a machine-readable description of the their contents and structure from the pixel data [adapted from https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/sadh/027/01/0003-0022]"@en .
:hasFileExtension rdfs:subPropertyOf owl:topDataProperty .
:NaturalLanguageGenerationCollection a skos:Collection;
rdfs:label "Natural Language Generation Collection"@en;
skos:member :Conjugation, :DataToTextGeneration, :DocumentReading, :LexicalSimplification,
:LexicalSubstitution, :MultilingualGeneration, :NaturalLanguageGeneration, :NewsGeneration,
:Paraphrasing, :SignLanguageGeneration, :SpeechSynthesis, :SpokenLanguageGeneration,
:Summarization, :SyntacticStructureGeneration, :TextCompression, :TextGeneration,
:TextSimplification, :TextToSpeechSynthesis, :TextToTextGeneration;
skos:prefLabel "Natural Language Generation Collection"@en .
:SoundEventAnnotation skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:ProsodicBoundary a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :SpeechAnnotationType;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Prosodic boundary"@en .
:DataSplitting a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :SupportOperation;
skos:definition "The task/process of splitting (partitioning) available data into parts, usually for cross-validatory purposes, e.g. in order to use one part for training purposes and the other for evaluation."@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Data splitting"@en .
:image_jpeg skos:broader :Mimetype .
:Token a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "http://dkpro.github.io/dkpro-core/releases/1.8.0/docs/typesystem-reference.html#de.tudarmstadt.ukp.dkpro.core.api.segmentation.type.Token";
owl:equivalentClass <http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Token>, <http://vocab.lappsgrid.org/Token>;
skos:broader :StructuralAnnotationType;
skos:definition "A set of characters surrounded by spaces or punctuation marks, as well as punctuation marks themselves"@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Token"@en .
:TextAnnotation a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Linguistic annotation"@en;
skos:broader :Annotation;
skos:definition "The task/process of adding annotations (notes or comments) to a text; in TDM, the annotations refer mainly to the interpretative linguistic information grounded in a knowledge resource that is added manually or automatically to a text"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :DiscourseAnnotation, :Lemmatization, :MorphologicalAnnotation, :MorphosyntacticTagging,
:Parsing, :ReadabilityAnnotation, :SemanticAnnotation, :Stemming, :StructuralAnnotation;
skos:prefLabel "Text annotation"@en .
:DataSplitter a skos:Concept;
:performsOperation :DataSplitting;
skos:broader :SupportComponent;
skos:definition "A component that performs data splitting for cross validation purposes"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Data splitter"@en .
:text_x_brat a owl:NamedIndividual, skos:Concept .
:Rna a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Ribonucleic acid"@en;
skos:broader :AgriculturalEntity;
skos:definition "Any of various nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracil as structural components and are associated with the control of cellular chemical activities"@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "RNA"@en .
:SentimentAnalyzer a skos:Concept;
:performsOperation :SentimentAnalysis;
skos:altLabel "Opinion mining tool"@en;
skos:broader :Analyzer;
skos:definition "A component that tries to identify sentences that express the author’s negative or positive feelings on something"@en;
skos:editorialNote "could also be an annotator"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Sentiment analyzer"@en .
:DataFormat a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "Data type"@en, "File format"@en;
skos:definition "The format of a computer file storing data"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:narrower :AnnotationFormat, :AudioFormat, :BinaryFormat, :CorpusFormat, :DatabaseFormat,
:DocumentFormat, :GateFormat, :ImageFormat, :Json, :LinkedDataFormat, :MLModelFormat,
:OpenFormat, :PackageFormat, :RdfFormat, :RdfFormats, :Solr, :TabularFormat, :UimaCasFormat,
:VideoFormat, :WikiFormat, :WikiFormats, :WikipediaFormat, :Xml;
skos:prefLabel "Data format"@en;
skos:topConceptOf :DataFormatScheme .
:ImageTranslation a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Translation;
skos:definition "The automatic extraction of text contained in an image (e.g. by OCR technology), its subsequent translation into another language, followed by a digital image processing step in order to reconstruct the original image with the translated text [adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_translation]"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Image translation"@en .
:LanguageIdentifier :performsOperation :LanguageIdentification .
:SentenceAlignment skos:broader :Alignment .
:NaturalLanguageUnderstanding a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "LU"@en, "Language Understanding"@en, "Machine Understanding"@en, "NLU"@en,
"Natural Language Understanding"@en;
skos:broader :Operation;
skos:definition "The comprehension by computers of the structure and meaning of human languages, allowing users to interact with the computer using natural sentences. [adapted from https://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/nlu-natural-language-understanding]"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :SpeechUnderstanding;
skos:prefLabel "Natural Language Understanding"@en .
:CrossLingualSearch skos:scopeNote "The ability of a system to retrieve relevant documents in various languages in response to a user query that is formulated in only one language"@en .
:TdmMethodScheme a skos:ConceptScheme;
rdfs:label "TDM/LT Method Taxonomy"@en;
skos:hasTopConcept :TdmMethod;
skos:prefLabel "TDM/LT Method Taxonomy"@en .
:KeaCorpus a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "https://builds.openminted.eu/job/WP%205.2%20-%20Typesystem%20alignment/eu.openminted.interop$mapping-conversion/doclinks/1/components.html#_kea_corpus_1";
skos:broader :CorpusFormat .
:Blikiwikipedia a skos:Concept;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "blikiWikipedia"@en .
:LanguageProficiencyLevel skos:broader :AnnotationType;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme .
:text_x_anafora a skos:Concept;
skos:inScheme :MimeTypeScheme .
:ProsodicInformationProcessing skos:broader :InformationExtraction .
:application_xXces_xml skos:broader :Mimetype .
:TextIndexing a skos:Concept;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Text indexing"@en .
:TextCompression skos:broader :SupportOperation .
:ReadabilityAnnotation a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :TextAnnotation;
skos:definition "The task/process of adding readability scores (or any other type of similar annotation) to a text or textual segment showing how easy it is to read and understand its meaning."@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Readability annotation"@en .
:Nif a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "http://persistence.uni-leipzig.org/nlp2rdf/";
skos:altLabel "NLP Interchage Format"@en;
skos:broader :AnnotationFormat, :CorpusFormat, :RdfFormat, :RdfFormats;
skos:definition "The NLP Interchange Format (NIF) is an RDF/OWL-based format that aims to achieve interoperability between Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools, language resources and annotations; it consists of specifications, ontologies and software (overview), which are combined under the version identifier \"NIF 2.0\", but are versioned individually"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "NIF"@en .
:GazeteerBasedMatcher a skos:Concept;
:performsOperation :GazeteerBasedMatching;
skos:broader :Matcher;
skos:definition "A component that allows matching of elements based on a gazeteer"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Gazeteer based matcher"@en .
:Turtle a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/";
:hasMimetype :text_turtle;
skos:broader :RdfFormat, :RdfFormats;
skos:definition "Textual syntax for RDF that allows an RDF graph to be completely written in a compact and natural text form, with abbreviations for common usage patterns and datatypes."@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Turtle"@en .
:Rdf_xml a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/";
:hasMimetype :application_rdf_xml;
skos:broader :RdfFormat, :RdfFormats, :Xml;
skos:definition "Data format for RDF (Resource Description Framework) XML format; RDF/XML is a serialisation for RDF"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "RDF/XML"@en .
:text_x_org_dkpro_conll2003 a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Mimetype;
skos:inScheme :MimeTypeScheme .
:MultilingualInformationRetrieval a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "MIR"@en;
skos:broader :InformationRetrieval;
skos:definition "Cross-language information retrieval means using queries in one language to search for documents in a different language. Multilingual information retrieval is a broader term, which includes the case where queries in different languages are used, but only for searching documents in the same language."@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Multilingual Information Retrieval"@en;
skos:related :CrossLingualSearch .
:MorphologicalAnalysis a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "General morphological analyisis"@en;
skos:broader :LinguisticAnalysis;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Morphological analysis"@en .
:Chunking skos:scopeNote "Shallow parsing refers to a class of techniques for identifying phrasal chunks in texts without assigning deep hierarchical structures. Cascaded finite-state models are often used for shallow parsing. Shallow parsing techniques are used because they are more time-efficient and more error-tolerant than \"\"deep\"\" parsers, and give rise to fewer ambiguities."@en .
:LanguageModelling skos:scopeNote "A Statistical Language Models predicts a word given a sequence of already known words (i.e. the history). Ist can also be applied to other sequences of symbols (e.g. DNA). Very often the history contains just the previous two words. This is called a trigram. The parameters of statistical language models are estimated from a set of training examples. Data sparsity and smoothing of the estimates is one of the core problems. The best smoothing technique known so far is Kneser-Ney-Smoothing. Maximum-Entropy techniques are also under investigation and may be the method of choice for long-range language models (beyond trigram). Language models are used in text-compression, speech recognition, information retrieval and information extraction."@en .
:Prediction a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :TextAndDataMining;
skos:definition "In Machine Learning, it refers to the use of algorithms that learn from previous data in order to make predictions on data (by estimating probabilities from previous data)"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Prediction"@en .
:TextSpeechDataAnalytics a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Operation;
skos:editorialNote "it could also be a composite concept created by three separate concepts, but for now ok"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:narrower :SpeechAnalytics, :TextAndDataAnalytics;
skos:prefLabel "Text/Speech/Data analytics"@en .
:image_png skos:inScheme :MimeTypeScheme .
:text_x_org_dkpro_ptbCombined a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Mimetype;
skos:inScheme :MimeTypeScheme .
:Clause a skos:Concept;
owl:equivalentClass <http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Clause>;
skos:broader :StructuralAnnotationType;
skos:definition "A clause is a subdivision of a sentence containing a subject (argument) and predicate. It is possible to have a word that implies or refers to a predicate rather than one explicitly stated. [Pei & Gaynor 1980: 40, http://linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2010/Clause]"@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Clause"@en .
:audio_mpa_robust a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Mimetype;
skos:inScheme :MimeTypeScheme .
:text_x_org_dkpro_conll2002 a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Mimetype;
skos:inScheme :MimeTypeScheme .
:MachineTranslationSupport skos:broader :SupportOperation;
skos:definition "Any operation that can be used for training or support of Machine Translation tools"@en;
skos:narrower :ParallelSentenceExtraction;
skos:prefLabel "Machine translation support"@en .
:hasFileExtension rdfs:comment "The file extension usually associated with a specific data format (e.g. txt for plain text files, pdf for PDF files etc.)"@en .
:text_sgml a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Mimetype;
skos:inScheme :MimeTypeScheme .
:DocumentSection a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "http://dkpro.github.io/dkpro-core/releases/1.8.0/docs/typesystem-reference.html#de.tudarmstadt.ukp.dkpro.core.api.segmentation.type.Div";
skos:broader :ScholarlyAnalyticsEntity, :StructuralAnnotationType;
skos:definition "Any subdivision of a document, e.g. a chapter, abstract, etc."@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Document section"@en .
:ConstituencyParsing skos:inScheme :ModelFunctionScheme .
:SemanticAnnotator a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :Annotator;
skos:definition "A component that annotates the tokens of a text with semantic features"@en;
skos:inScheme :ComponentTypeScheme;
skos:narrower :AnnotatorOfSemanticRoleLabels, :ReadabilityAnnotator;
skos:prefLabel "Semantic annotator"@en .
:SocialSciencesEntity a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DomainSpecificAnnotationType;
skos:definition "Any kind of annotation that pertains to entities of social sciences; the use of TheSoz is recommended"@en;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:narrower :AllbusVariable, :HistoricalEvent, :Media, :MethodOfResearch, :OfficialText,
:TheoreticalFrame;
skos:prefLabel "Social sciences entity"@en .
:LanguageDetection skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Language detection"@en .
:DependencyConversion a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :FormatConversion;
skos:definition "The task/process of converting constituency structures to dependency trees"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Dependency conversion"@en;
skos:related :ConstituencyParsing, :DependencyParsing .
:DecisionTrees a skos:Concept;
dc:source """adapted from (http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/tree.html)
and wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree)"""@en;
skos:broader :MachineAndStatisticalLearningMethod;
skos:definition "A non-parametric supervised learning method used for classification and regression. The goal is to create a tree-like graph or model of decisions and their possible consequences by learning simple decision rules inferred from the data features."@en;
skos:inScheme :TdmMethodScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Decision Trees"@en .
:HumanComputerInteractionCollection a skos:Collection;
rdfs:label "Human Computer Interaction Collection"@en;
skos:member :AvatarSynthesis, :ConversationalSystemsBuilding, :HumanComputerInteraction;
skos:prefLabel "Human Computer Interaction Collection"@en .
:ScientificValue a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :DomainSpecificAnnotationType, :NamedEntity;
skos:inScheme :AnnotationTypeScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Scientific value"@en .
:FactoredTagLemFormat a skos:Concept;
:documentationUrl "https://builds.openminted.eu/job/WP%205.2%20-%20Typesystem%20alignment/eu.openminted.interop$mapping-conversion/doclinks/1/components.html#_factored_tag_lem_1";
skos:broader :AnnotationFormat;
skos:definition "Factored tag lemma format"@en;
skos:inScheme :DataFormatScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Factored tag lem format"@en .
:NegationDetection a skos:Concept;
skos:broader :InformationExtraction;
skos:definition "The task/process of identifying negative cues (words, phrases) in a text"@en;
skos:inScheme :OperationScheme;
skos:prefLabel "Negation detection"@en .
:PartOfSpeechTagger a skos:Concept;
skos:altLabel "PoS tagger"@en;