diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/ibatis/reflection/TypeParameterResolver.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/ibatis/reflection/TypeParameterResolver.java
index ef1c1da0732..3a7dddcbfed 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/ibatis/reflection/TypeParameterResolver.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/ibatis/reflection/TypeParameterResolver.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- *    Copyright 2009-2023 the original author or authors.
+ *    Copyright 2009-2024 the original author or authors.
  *
  *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -206,7 +206,8 @@ private static Type scanSuperTypes(TypeVariable<?> typeVar, Type srcType, Class<
       if (declaringClass == parentAsClass) {
         for (int i = 0; i < parentTypeVars.length; i++) {
           if (typeVar.equals(parentTypeVars[i])) {
-            return parentAsType.getActualTypeArguments()[i];
+            Type actualType = parentAsType.getActualTypeArguments()[i];
+            return actualType instanceof TypeVariable<?> ? Object.class : actualType;
           }
         }
       }
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/ibatis/reflection/TypeParameterResolverTest.java b/src/test/java/org/apache/ibatis/reflection/TypeParameterResolverTest.java
index d8b4760f219..7a16f2e8574 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/ibatis/reflection/TypeParameterResolverTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/ibatis/reflection/TypeParameterResolverTest.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- *    Copyright 2009-2023 the original author or authors.
+ *    Copyright 2009-2024 the original author or authors.
  *
  *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -261,6 +261,19 @@ void testReturn_Lv2WildcardList() throws Exception {
     assertEquals(String.class, wildcard.getUpperBounds()[0]);
   }
 
+  @Test
+  void testReturn_LV1Map() throws Exception {
+    Class<?> clazz = Level1Mapper.class;
+    Method method = clazz.getMethod("selectMap");
+    Type result = TypeParameterResolver.resolveReturnType(method, clazz);
+    assertTrue(result instanceof ParameterizedType);
+    ParameterizedType paramType = (ParameterizedType) result;
+    assertEquals(Map.class, paramType.getRawType());
+    assertEquals(2, paramType.getActualTypeArguments().length);
+    assertEquals(String.class, paramType.getActualTypeArguments()[0]);
+    assertEquals(Object.class, paramType.getActualTypeArguments()[1]);
+  }
+
   @Test
   void testReturn_LV2Map() throws Exception {
     Class<?> clazz = Level2Mapper.class;