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Introduction_R.html
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</head>
<body class="quarto-light">
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
<h1 class="title">Introduction to R</h1>
<div class="quarto-title-authors">
<div class="quarto-title-author">
<div class="quarto-title-author-name">
Elisa Pierfederici and Matthew Good
</div>
<p class="quarto-title-affiliation">
Digital Scholarship Center
</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="date">3/13/23</p>
</section>
<section id="data-science-project" class="slide level2">
<h2>Data science project</h2>
<img data-src="fig/data-science.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="the-rstudio-interface" class="slide level2">
<h2>The RStudio interface</h2>
<img data-src="fig/rstudio_session_4pane_layout.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="create-a-project" class="slide level2">
<h2>Create a project</h2>
<img data-src="fig/new_project_window.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="organizing-your-working-directory" class="slide level2">
<h2>Organizing your working directory</h2>
<img data-src="fig/directory_organization.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="create-the-first-r-script" class="slide level2">
<h2>Create the first R script</h2>
<ol type="1">
<li><p>Click the <strong><code>File</code></strong> menu and select <strong><code>New File</code></strong> and then <strong><code>R Script</code></strong></p></li>
<li><p>Save your script by clicking the <strong><code>save/disk icon</code></strong> that is in the bar above the first line in the script editor</p></li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="downloading-the-data" class="slide level2">
<h2>Downloading the data</h2>
<ol type="1">
<li><p>Download the dataset called “<code>SAFI_clean.csv</code>” <a href="https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/11492171" class="uri">https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/11492171</a></p></li>
<li><p>Place this downloaded file in the <code>data folder</code> you just created.</p></li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="installing-packages" class="slide level2">
<h2>Installing packages</h2>
<img data-src="fig/install_packages.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="installing-packages-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Installing packages</h2>
<img data-src="fig/install_packages_2.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="shortcut---run-a-code" class="slide level2">
<h2>Shortcut - run a code</h2>
<ul>
<li>PC: <code>Ctrl</code> + <code>Enter</code></li>
<li>Mac: <code>Cmd</code>+ <code>Return</code></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="creating-an-object---assignment" class="slide level2">
<h2>Creating an object - <strong><code>assignment</code></strong></h2>
<p>You can create new objects with <code><-</code>:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1"></a>area_hectares <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fl">1.0</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Inspect an object</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1"></a>area_hectares</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 1</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="descriptive-names" class="slide level2">
<h2>Descriptive names</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>Object names must <strong><code>start with a letter</code></strong></p></li>
<li><p>Only contain letters, numbers, <code>_</code> and <code>.</code></p></li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: #f1ee8e;">
<p>Recomanded <strong><code>snake_case</code></strong> separate lowercase words with <code>_</code></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="descriptive-names---examples" class="slide level2">
<h2>Descriptive names - examples</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1"></a>this_is_a_really_long_name <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fl">2.5</span> <span class="co"># numeric</span></span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2"></a>this_is_a_really_long_name</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 2.5</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"hello world"</span> <span class="co"># character</span></span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2"></a>x</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "hello world"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1"></a>hh_members <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">7</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="dv">6</span>) <span class="co"># vector of numbers</span></span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2"></a>hh_members</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 3 7 10 6</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<section id="sec-data-types--structure" class="title-slide slide level1 center" style="color: darkblue">
<h1>Data types & structure</h1>
</section>
<section id="types-of-data" class="slide level2 nostretch">
<h2>Types of data</h2>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%">
<col style="width: 48%">
<col style="width: 26%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Type</th>
<th>Definition</th>
<th>Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Integer</td>
<td>whole numbers from -inf to +inf</td>
<td>1L, -2L</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Numeric/Double</td>
<td>numbers, fractions & decimals from -inf to + inf</td>
<td>7, 0.2, -5/2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Character/String</td>
<td>quoted strings of letters, numbers, and allowed symbols</td>
<td>“1”, “one”, “o_n_e”, “hello”</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Logical</td>
<td>logical constant of True or False</td>
<td><code>TRUE</code>, <code>FALSE</code>, <code>T</code>, <code>F</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="types-of-data-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Types of data</h2>
<p>You can use <strong><code>typeof()</code></strong> to find out the type of value or object</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1"></a><span class="fu">typeof</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "double"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1"></a><span class="fu">typeof</span>(<span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "logical"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1"></a><span class="fu">typeof</span>(<span class="st">"one"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "character"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="types-of-data-2" class="slide level2">
<h2>Types of data</h2>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%">
<col style="width: 69%">
<col style="width: 15%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Type</th>
<th>Defintion</th>
<th>Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>NA</td>
<td>Missing value; technically represented as different types but displayed as <code>NA</code></td>
<td><code>NA</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>NULL</td>
<td>The <code>NULL</code> object; an object that exists but is completely empty</td>
<td><code>NULL</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section></section>
<section>
<section id="sec-data-structure" class="title-slide slide level1 center" style="color: darkblue">
<h1>Data structure</h1>
</section>
<section id="vectors" class="slide level2">
<h2>Vectors</h2>
<p>Often, we are not working with individual values, but with multiple related values —</p>
<div style="background-color: #f1ee8e;">
<p>vector of values!</p>
</div>
<p>We can create a vector of ordered numbers using the form <strong><code>starting_number:ending_numbers</code></strong></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb16"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">5</span></span>
<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2"></a>x</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 1 2 3 4 5</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Lets look at the Environment pane in RStudio</p>
</section>
<section id="vectors-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Vectors</h2>
<p>We can create a vector of any numbers we want using <code>c()</code>, which is a <strong>function</strong>.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb18"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1"></a><span class="co"># combine values into a vector and assign to an object names "x"</span></span>
<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="fl">8.5</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">9</span>)</span>
<span id="cb18-3"><a href="#cb18-3"></a></span>
<span id="cb18-4"><a href="#cb18-4"></a><span class="co"># print x</span></span>
<span id="cb18-5"><a href="#cb18-5"></a>x</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 2.0 8.5 1.0 9.0</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="vectors-2" class="slide level2">
<h2>Vectors</h2>
<p>Vectors are just 1-dimensional sequences <strong>of a single type of data</strong>.</p>
<div style="background-color: #f1ee8e;">
<p>Note that vectors can also include strings or character values.</p>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb20"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1"></a>letters <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"a"</span>, <span class="st">"b"</span>, <span class="st">"c"</span>, <span class="st">"d"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2"></a>letters</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "a" "b" "c" "d"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="vectors-3" class="slide level2">
<h2>Vectors</h2>
<p>The general rule R uses is to set the vector to be the most “permissive” type necessary.</p>
<p>For example, what happens if we combine the vectors <code>x</code> (from earlier) and <code>letters</code> together?</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb22"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1"></a>mixed_vec <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(x, letters)</span>
<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2"></a>mixed_vec</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "2" "8.5" "1" "9" "a" "b" "c" "d" </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="vectors-4" class="slide level2">
<h2>Vectors</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb24"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb24-1"><a href="#cb24-1"></a>mixed_vec</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "2" "8.5" "1" "9" "a" "b" "c" "d" </code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Notice the quotes? R turned all of our numbers into strings, since strings are more “permissive” than numbers.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb26"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb26-1"><a href="#cb26-1"></a><span class="fu">typeof</span>(mixed_vec)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "character"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>This is called <strong>coercion</strong>. R coerces a vector into whichever type will accommodate all of the values</p>
</section>
<section id="vectors-5" class="slide level2">
<h2>Vectors</h2>
<p>We can coerce <code>mixed_vec</code> to be numeric using <strong><code>as.numeric()</code></strong>, notice what happens to the character values</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb28"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1"></a><span class="fu">as.numeric</span>(mixed_vec)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 2.0 8.5 1.0 9.0 NA NA NA NA</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section></section>
<section>
<section id="sec-help" class="title-slide slide level1 center" style="color: darkblue">
<h1>Help</h1>
</section>
<section id="rstudio" class="slide level2">
<h2>RStudio</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb30"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1"></a>?as.numeric</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="google" class="slide level2">
<h2>Google</h2>
<img data-src="fig/Stackoverflow.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="section" class="slide level2">
<h2>📝1</h2>
<div class="panel-tabset">
<ul id="tabset-1" class="panel-tabset-tabby"><li><a data-tabby-default="" href="#tabset-1-1">Q1</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-1-2">Q2</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-1-3">Q3</a></li></ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div id="tabset-1-1">
<p>Create an object called <code>a</code> that is just the letter “a” and an object <code>x</code> that is assigned the number 8. Add <code>a</code> to <code>x</code>. What happens?</p>
</div>
<div id="tabset-1-2">
<p>Create a vector called <code>b</code> that is just the number 8 in quotes. Add <code>b</code> to <code>x</code> (from above). What happens?</p>
</div>
<div id="tabset-1-3">
<p>Find some way to add <code>b</code> to <code>x</code>. (<em>Hint</em>: Don’t forget about coercion.)</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="solution-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Solution 1</h2>
<div class="panel-tabset">
<ul id="tabset-2" class="panel-tabset-tabby"><li><a data-tabby-default="" href="#tabset-2-1">Q1</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-2-2">Q2</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-2-3">Q3</a></li></ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div id="tabset-2-1">
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb31"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1"></a>a <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"a"</span></span>
<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">8</span></span>
<span id="cb31-3"><a href="#cb31-3"></a><span class="do">## a + x</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tabset-2-2">
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb32"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb32-1"><a href="#cb32-1"></a>b <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"8"</span></span>
<span id="cb32-2"><a href="#cb32-2"></a><span class="do">## b + x</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tabset-2-3">
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb33"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb33-1"><a href="#cb33-1"></a><span class="fu">as.numeric</span>(b) <span class="sc">+</span> x</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 16</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="indexing-vectors" class="slide level2">
<h2>Indexing vectors</h2>
<p>How do we extract elements out of vectors?</p>
<p>This is called <strong>indexing</strong>, and it is frequently quite useful</p>
<p>There are a number of methods for indexing that are good to be familiar with</p>
</section>
<section id="indexing-by-position" class="slide level2">
<h2><strong>Indexing by position</strong></h2>
<p>Vectors can be indexed numerically, starting with 1 (not 0). We can extract specific elements from a vector by putting the index of their position inside brackets <code>[]</code>.</p>
</section>
<section id="indexing-by-position-1" class="slide level2">
<h2><strong>Indexing by position</strong></h2>
<p>Let’s take a new vector <code>z</code> as an example:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb35"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb35-1"><a href="#cb35-1"></a>z <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">6</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">10</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Let’s get just the first element of <code>z</code>:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb36"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb36-1"><a href="#cb36-1"></a>z[<span class="dv">1</span>]</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 6</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Get the first and third element by passing those indexes as a vector using <code>c()</code>.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb38"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb38-1"><a href="#cb38-1"></a>z[<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>)]</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 6 8</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="list" class="slide level2">
<h2>List</h2>
<p>While vectors are useful for storing a single type of data, they’re not well-suited for storing heterogeneous data. In other words, if we have different types of data we want to store together, we need a different data structure.</p>
</section>
<section id="list-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>List</h2>
<p>For example, let’s say we want to store the year we’re in a PhD program (a number), our name (a string), and our enrollment status (a logical) in a single object that preserves these different types. In this case, a vector won’t work because it can only contain elements of the same type. Instead, we can use a list.</p>
<p>Lists are similar to vectors in that they’re 1-dimensional, but they can store heterogeneous data. In other words, each element in a list can be a different type of data. This makes lists a more flexible data structure for storing complex or diverse data.</p>
</section>
<section id="creating-lists" class="slide level2">
<h2>Creating Lists</h2>
<p>We can create a list with the <strong><code>list()</code></strong> function</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb40"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb40-1"><a href="#cb40-1"></a>brendan <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(4L, <span class="st">"Brendan Cullen"</span>, <span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span>
<span id="cb40-2"><a href="#cb40-2"></a>brendan</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[[1]]
[1] 4
[[2]]
[1] "Brendan Cullen"
[[3]]
[1] TRUE</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="creating-lists-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Creating Lists</h2>
<p>And, we can give each element of the list a name to make it easier to keep track of them.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb42"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb42-1"><a href="#cb42-1"></a>brendan <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(<span class="at">year =</span> 4L,</span>
<span id="cb42-2"><a href="#cb42-2"></a> <span class="at">name =</span> <span class="st">"Brendan Cullen"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb42-3"><a href="#cb42-3"></a> <span class="at">enrollment =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span>
<span id="cb42-4"><a href="#cb42-4"></a>brendan</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>$year
[1] 4
$name
[1] "Brendan Cullen"
$enrollment
[1] TRUE</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Notice that [[1]], [[2]], and [[3]], the element indices, have been replaced by the names year, name, and enrollment 👀</p>
</section>
<section id="creating-lists-2" class="slide level2">
<h2>Creating Lists</h2>
<p>You can see also see the names of a list by running <strong><code>names()</code></strong> on it</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb44"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb44-1"><a href="#cb44-1"></a><span class="fu">names</span>(brendan)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] "year" "name" "enrollment"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="indexing-lists" class="slide level2">
<h2>Indexing Lists</h2>
<p>If we want the actual object stored at the first position instead of a list containing that object, we have to use double-bracket indexing list[[i]]:</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb46"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1"></a>brendan[[<span class="dv">1</span>]]</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 4</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section></section>
<section>
<section id="break" class="title-slide slide level1 center">
<h1>Break</h1>
</section>
<section id="data-frames" class="slide level2">
<h2>Data frames</h2>
<p>A <strong>data frame</strong> is a common way of representing rectangular data -- collections of values that are each associated with a variable (column) and an observation (row). In other words, it has 2 dimensions.</p>
<p>A data frame is technically a special kind of list -- it can contain different kinds of data in different columns, but each column must be the same length.</p>
</section>
<section id="data-frames-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Data frames</h2>
<img data-src="fig/Dataframe.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="import-data-frames" class="slide level2" style="blue">
<h2>Import data frames</h2>
<h3 id="from-.csv">From <em>.csv</em></h3>
<ol type="1">
<li>Upload <strong><code>package tidyverse</code></strong></li>
<li>Load the library</li>
</ol>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb48"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb48-1"><a href="#cb48-1"></a><span class="do">## load the tidyverse</span></span>
<span id="cb48-2"><a href="#cb48-2"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(tidyverse)</span>
<span id="cb48-3"><a href="#cb48-3"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(here)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="import-data-frames-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Import data frames</h2>
<h3 id="from-.csv-1">From <em>.csv</em></h3>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li>Import data frame and call it interview</li>
</ol>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb49"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb49-1"><a href="#cb49-1"></a>interviews <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read_csv</span>(<span class="fu">here</span>(<span class="st">"data"</span>, <span class="st">"SAFI_clean.csv"</span>), <span class="at">na =</span> <span class="st">"NULL"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li>Inspect database</li>
</ol>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb50"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1"></a><span class="do">## inspect the data</span></span>
<span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2"></a>interviews</span>
<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3"></a><span class="do">## view(interviews)</span></span>
<span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4"></a><span class="do">## head(interviews)</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="presentation-of-the-safi-data" class="slide level2">
<h2><strong>Presentation of the SAFI Data</strong></h2>
<p>SAFI (Studying African Farmer-Led Irrigation) is a study looking at farming and irrigation methods in Tanzania and Mozambique. The survey data was collected through interviews conducted between November 2016 and June 2017. For this lesson, we will be using a subset of the available data. For information about the full teaching dataset used in other lessons in this workshop, see the <a href="https://www.datacarpentry.org/socialsci-workshop/data/">dataset description</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="inspecting-data-frames" class="slide level2">
<h2>Inspecting data frames</h2>
<h3 id="size">Size</h3>
<ul>
<li><p><strong><code>dim(interviews)</code></strong> - returns a vector with the number of rows as the first element, and the number of columns as the second element (the dimensions of the object)</p></li>
<li><p><strong><code>nrow(interviews)</code></strong> - returns the number of rows <strong><code>ncol(interviews)</code></strong> - returns the number of columns</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="inspecting-data-frames-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Inspecting data frames</h2>
<h3 id="content">Content:</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong><code>head(interviews)</code></strong> - shows the first 6 rows <strong><code>tail(interviews)</code></strong> - shows the last 6 rows</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="inspecting-data-frames-2" class="slide level2">
<h2>Inspecting data frames</h2>
<h3 id="summary">Summary:</h3>
<ul>
<li><p><strong><code>str(interviews)</code></strong> - structure of the object and information about the class, length and content of each column</p></li>
<li><p><strong><code>summary(interviews)</code></strong> - summary statistics for each column</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="subsetting-data-frames" class="slide level2">
<h2>Subsetting data frames</h2>
<p>Let’s get the first row and third column of <code>interviews</code> using numerical indexing</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb51"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb51-1"><a href="#cb51-1"></a><span class="do">## first element in the first column </span></span>
<span id="cb51-2"><a href="#cb51-2"></a>interviews[<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>]</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 1 × 1
key_ID
<dbl>
1 1</code></pre>
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</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb53"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb53-1"><a href="#cb53-1"></a><span class="do">## first element in the 6th column of the tibble </span></span>
<span id="cb53-2"><a href="#cb53-2"></a>interviews[<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">6</span>]</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 1 × 1
respondent_wall_type
<chr>
1 muddaub </code></pre>
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</div>
</section>
<section id="subsetting-data-frames-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Subsetting data frames</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb55"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb55-1"><a href="#cb55-1"></a><span class="do">## first three elements in the 7th column of the tibble</span></span>
<span id="cb55-2"><a href="#cb55-2"></a>interviews[<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">7</span>]</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 3 × 1
rooms
<dbl>
1 1
2 1
3 1</code></pre>
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</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb57"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb57-1"><a href="#cb57-1"></a><span class="do">## equivalent to head_interviews <- head(interviews)</span></span>
<span id="cb57-2"><a href="#cb57-2"></a>head_interviews <span class="ot"><-</span> interviews[<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">6</span>, ]</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="negative-subsetting-data-frames" class="slide level2">
<h2>Negative Subsetting data frames</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb58"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb58-1"><a href="#cb58-1"></a><span class="co"># The whole tibble, except the first column</span></span>
<span id="cb58-2"><a href="#cb58-2"></a>interviews[, <span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">1</span>] </span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code># A tibble: 131 × 13
village interview_date no_membrs years_…¹ respo…² rooms memb_…³ affec…⁴
<chr> <dttm> <dbl> <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr>
1 God 2016-11-17 00:00:00 3 4 muddaub 1 <NA> <NA>
2 God 2016-11-17 00:00:00 7 9 muddaub 1 yes once
3 God 2016-11-17 00:00:00 10 15 burntb… 1 <NA> <NA>
4 God 2016-11-17 00:00:00 7 6 burntb… 1 <NA> <NA>
5 God 2016-11-17 00:00:00 7 40 burntb… 1 <NA> <NA>
6 God 2016-11-17 00:00:00 3 3 muddaub 1 <NA> <NA>
7 God 2016-11-17 00:00:00 6 38 muddaub 1 no never
8 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00 12 70 burntb… 3 yes never
9 Chirodzo 2016-11-16 00:00:00 8 6 burntb… 1 no never
10 Chirodzo 2016-12-16 00:00:00 12 23 burntb… 5 no never
# … with 121 more rows, 5 more variables: liv_count <dbl>, items_owned <chr>,
# no_meals <dbl>, months_lack_food <chr>, instanceID <chr>, and abbreviated
# variable names ¹years_liv, ²respondent_wall_type, ³memb_assoc,
# ⁴affect_conflicts</code></pre>
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</div>
</section>
<section id="section-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>📝2</h2>
<div class="panel-tabset">
<ul id="tabset-3" class="panel-tabset-tabby"><li><a data-tabby-default="" href="#tabset-3-1">Q1</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-3-2">Q2</a></li></ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div id="tabset-3-1">
<p>Create a tibble (interviews_100) containing only the data in row 100 of the interviews dataset.</p>
</div>
<div id="tabset-3-2">
<p>Notice how nrow() gave you the number of rows in the tibble?</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Use that number to pull out just that last row in the tibble.</p></li>
<li><p>Compare that with what you see as the last row using tail() to make sure it’s meeting expectations.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>