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Exporting Democratic Practices: Evidence from a Village Governance Intervention in East Congo

Macartan Humphreys, Raul Sanchez de la Sierra, Peter van der Windt 07 August, 2019

This file replicates the core analysis as well as additional results of Humphreys, M., de la Sierra, R. S., & Van der Windt, P. (2019). Exporting democratic practices: Evidence from a village governance intervention in Eastern Congo. Journal of Development Economics.

  • Data for this analysis is available on Dataverse and can be sourced directly from the Dataverse server with the option below (local_data <- FALSE) or locally from folder “Data”.

  • Supporting code including this page is available on Github. The code outputs tables and figures into the folder “Output”, which are then sourced in from the LaTeX file of the manuscript.

Preliminaries

Options

Options can be set to use data from data folder or directly from dataverse. Note that if you ar e using this from public repositories then you have access to all code and almost all data but you do not have access to fine grained GPS data and so with_GPS should be set to FALSE. All analysis will still run although (a) spillover analysis will be implemented using summary data without GPS codes (b) maps will not be produced.

# load data locally (TRUE) or from dataverse (FALSE)
local_data <- FALSE
local_datapath = "Data"

# save figure and tables to output folder
saving <- TRUE
output_folder <- "Output"

# Set number simulatons used for calculating propensities and for the randomization inference p-values
spilloversims <- 5000 #5000 takes a long time, consider lowering for speediness

# Reproduce outputs requiring GPS data (usually set to `FALSE` since precise gps not publicly available)
with_GPS <- FALSE

# Save geodeidentified data, if geo data available  (usually set to `FALSE` since precise gps not publicly available)
save_geodeidentified_data <- FALSE
if(!with_GPS) save_geodeidentified_data <- FALSE

Definitions

# List indicators of main outcome (capture)

capture_var_names <- c(
  "Financial Irregularities",
  "Embezzlement (direct)",
  "Embezzlement (list experiment)",
  "Inequality of (Private) Benefits",
  "Dominance of Chief's Preferences")

# List indicators of mechanisms (participation, accountability, transparency)

mech_var_names = c(
  "Meeting Attendance",
  "Interventions in Meeting",
  "Dominance of Men in Discussion",
  "Participatory Selection Methods",
  "Committee Composition",
  "Accountability Mechanisms", 
  "Private Complaints", 
  "Knowledge of Project Amount",
  "Willingness to Seek Information",
  "Quality of Accounting"
)

varnames <- c(capture_var_names, mech_var_names)
varnames2 <- paste(rbind(varnames, rep("",length(varnames))))

Run Helper Code

Script to create helper functions that will be used in the remainder of the replication.

source("Code/0 HelperFunctions.R")

Get Data

Local data

if(local_data){
  abd_vill     <- load_file("DRC2012_ABD_VILL_v2.dta") 
  abd_ind      <- load_file("DRC2012_ABD_INDIV_v2.dta")
  tuungane     <- load_file("TUUNGANE_v2.dta")
  irc_tuungane <- load_file("irc_tuungane.dta")
  audit        <- load_file("DRC2012_D_AUDIT_v2.dta") 
  abd_disc     <- load_file("DRC2012_A_DISC_v2.dta")   
  roster       <- load_file("DRC2012_D_ROSTER_v2.dta")
  cdcdata      <- load_file("gps/IDV_WEIGHTS_201203.dta")
  D            <- load_file("Dates_medians.dta")
  idv_dists    <- load_file("idv_distances.dta")
}

Data on Dataverse

if(!local_data){
  library(dataverse)             
  Sys.setenv("DATAVERSE_SERVER" = "dataverse.harvard.edu")

  f <- function(filename, extension = ".tab"){
      g   <- get_file(paste0(filename, extension), "doi:10.7910/DVN/BSASJR")
      tmp <- tempfile(fileext = ".dta")
      writeBin(as.vector(g), tmp)
      read_dta(tmp)}

  abd_vill     <- f("DRC2012_ABD_VILL_v2")    # Village data
  abd_ind      <- f("DRC2012_ABD_INDIV_v2")   # Indiv data
  tuungane     <- f("TUUNGANE_v2")            # Attitudes data for non-Tuungane subset
  irc_tuungane <- f("irc_tuungane")           # IRC Tuungane
  audit        <- f("DRC2012_D_AUDIT_v2")     # Audit data
  abd_disc     <- f("DRC2012_A_DISC_v2")      # Discussion data
  roster       <- f("DRC2012_D_ROSTER_v2")    # Roster
  cdcdata      <- f("IDV_WEIGHTS_201203")     # CDC Data
  D            <- f("Dates_medians")          # Dates
  idv_dists    <- f("idv_distances")          # Adjacency matrix

}

GPS data

Fine grain gps data is not publicly available following privacy protocols. These can be loaded here if available, otherwise summary data is used for replication.

# Raw GPS if available

if(with_GPS){
    X            <- load_file("20140211indirect_5000sims_5km.dta")
    X20          <- load_file("20140211indirect_5000sims_20km.dta")
    GPS          <- load_file("gps/gps_tuungane.dta")
    drc.map.test <- readShapePoly(paste0(local_datapath, "/shapefiles/COD_adm2"))
    col          <- readOGR(dsn = paste0(local_datapath, "/shapefiles"), "collectivite")
  }

Prepare Dataset and Variables

Script prepares data and variables for analysis.

# Merge subgroup data, treatment info, lottery info, etc. to the datasets
source("Code/1 PrepDatasets.R")

Here we prepare data for spillovers analysis. Alongside the gps database we use:

  • a database of possible direct assignments (dir)
  • a database of possible indirect assignments at 5k (ind05) and 20k (ind20)
  • database of inverse propensity weights – these are different depending on each assignment becuase they report the probability of being assigned to the condition you are assigned to

These datasets are generated here if gps data is available, otherwise they are imported.

source("Code/2.1 PrepSpillovers_village_data.R")

if(with_GPS)   source("Code/2.2 PrepSpillovers_rerandomize.R")
if(!with_GPS)  source("Code/2.3 PrepSpillovers_import.R")

Table 2: Results on Public Fund Allocation

Script presents the result on public funds allocation.

dvs <- c("da109_not_verifiable", 
         "qr026i_fund_misuse",
         #"qr2729_list_experiment", 
         "qr2830_list_experiment",
         "stdev_benefits",
         #"Correct_D_projet"
         "Correct_B_projet")

main_results <- list(
  
  fin_irregul  =  lm_robust(da109_not_verifiable ~ TUUNGANE ,
                            data     = vill, 
                            fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                            weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  embezzl_dir  = lm_robust(qr026i_fund_misuse ~ TUUNGANE  + as.factor(LOTT_BIN) ,
                           data     = ind, 
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT, 
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE),
  
  embezzl_list = lm_robust(
    qr2830_list_experiment ~ TUUNGANE + RB + RB*TUUNGANE + as.factor(LOTT_BIN),                 
                           data     = ind,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT,
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE),
  
  ineq_benef   = lm_robust(stdev_benefits ~ TUUNGANE , 
                           fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                           data     = vill,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT ),
  
  chief_domin  = lm_robust(
    Correct_B_projet ~ TUUNGANE + CHIEF + CHIEF*TUUNGANE +  as.factor(LOTT_BIN) , 
                           data     = ind,
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT))

main_table_pre <- mapply(function(x, name)  { 
  tidy = tidy(x); rownames(tidy) = tidy$term;
  if( name ==  "embezzl_list"   ) 
    round(c(Control   = tidy["RB", "estimate"],
            Control_se   = tidy["RB", "std.error"],
            Effect    = tidy["TUUNGANE:RB", "estimate"],  
            std_error = tidy["TUUNGANE:RB", "std.error"],
            N         = x$N), 3)
  else if(name == "chief_domin")
    round(c(Control   = tidy["CHIEFTRUE", "estimate"],
            Control_se   = tidy["CHIEFTRUE", "std.error"],
            Effect    = tidy["TUUNGANE:CHIEFTRUE", "estimate"],  
            std_error = tidy["TUUNGANE:CHIEFTRUE", "std.error"],
            N         = x$N), 3)
  else
    round(c(Control  = tidy["(Intercept)", "estimate"],
            Control_se  = tidy["(Intercept)", "std.error"],
            Effect    = tidy["TUUNGANE", "estimate"], 
            std_error = tidy["TUUNGANE", "std.error"], 
            N         = x$N ),3)
  
}, main_results, names(main_results))

add_cols <- mapply(function(d, dv){
  d <- d %>% arrange(LOTT_BIN)
  N_cluster <- ifelse(length(unique(d$IDV_CDCCODE[!is.na(d[[dv]])])) > 0,
                      length(unique(d$IDV_CDCCODE[!is.na(d[[dv]])])),
                      length(unique(d$IDS_CDCCODE[!is.na(d[[dv]])])))
  
  #block weights in the data
  d$dv <- d[[dv]][]
  #block average for control
  ave_ctrl_blocks <- d %>% 
    subset(TUUNGANE == 0) %>%
    group_by(LOTT_BIN) %>%
    summarize(block_n = sum(!is.na(dv)),
              ave = mean(dv, na.rm = TRUE)) %>% ungroup() %>%
    mutate(block_w = block_n/nrow(.))
  #weighted average of block averages
  w_ave_ctrl_blocks <- weighted.mean(ave_ctrl_blocks$ave, ave_ctrl_blocks$block_w, na.rm = TRUE)
  #weighted sd of block averages
  w_sd_ctrl_blocks <- sd(d$dv, na.rm = TRUE)
  
  return(round(rbind(w_ave_ctrl_blocks, w_sd_ctrl_blocks, N_cluster), 3))
}, d = list(vill, ind, ind, vill, ind), dv = dvs) %>% t()

main_table <- cbind(control.mean = add_cols[,1], control.sd = add_cols[,2], t(main_table_pre)[,-c(1:2)], N_cluster = add_cols[,3])

#maintain beta1 coefficient and standard error instead of control mean for "embezzl_dir", "chief_domin"
keep_beta1 <- rownames(main_table) %in% c("embezzl_list", "chief_domin")
main_table[keep_beta1, "control.mean"] <- t(main_table_pre)[keep_beta1, "Control"]
main_table[keep_beta1, "control.sd"] <- t(main_table_pre)[keep_beta1, "Control_se"]

kable(main_table)
control.mean control.sd Effect std_error N N_cluster
fin_irregul 0.147 0.212 -0.006 0.020 394 394
embezzl_dir 0.147 0.353 -0.001 0.018 3623 411
embezzl_list 0.462 0.049 -0.012 0.066 3676 411
ineq_benef 2.602 5.888 0.163 0.495 409 409
chief_domin 0.095 0.027 -0.019 0.039 2446 441

Table 3: Results on Democratic Practices

Script presents the result on democratic practices.

dvs_mech <- c("PART_A1", "N_INTERV", "MALE_DOM", "MFI_SELECTION", "MFI_COMPOSITION", "MFI_MECHANISMS", "MFI_COMPLAINTS", "qr002CORRECT", "qi003_accept", "MFI_ACCOUNTING")

mechanisms <- list(
  part  =  lm_robust(PART_A1   ~ TUUNGANE ,
                     data = vill, 
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  inter =  lm_robust(N_INTERV  ~ TUUNGANE ,
                     data = vill,
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  male_d = lm_robust(MALE_DOM  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill,
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  sel    = lm_robust(MFI_SELECTION ~ TUUNGANE ,
                     data = vill,
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compos = lm_robust(MFI_COMPOSITION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     data = vill, 
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  mech   = lm_robust(MFI_MECHANISMS  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = vill,
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compl = lm_robust(MFI_COMPLAINTS ~ TUUNGANE + as.factor(LOTT_BIN),
                    data =  ind,
                    weights = VILL_WEIGHT,
                    clusters = IDS_CDCCODE),
  corr  = lm_robust(qr002CORRECT   ~ TUUNGANE + as.factor(LOTT_BIN),
                    data =  ind,
                    weights = VILL_WEIGHT,
                    clusters = IDS_CDCCODE),
  accep = lm_robust(qi003_accept  ~ TUUNGANE + as.factor(LOTT_BIN),
                    data =  ind, 
                    weights = VILL_WEIGHT,
                    clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  accoun = lm_robust(MFI_ACCOUNTING ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = vill,
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT)
)

mechanisms_table <- mapply(function(x, name){ 
  tidy = tidy(x); rownames(tidy) = tidy$term;
  round(c(Control  = tidy["(Intercept)", "estimate"],
          Effect    = tidy["TUUNGANE", "estimate"], 
          std_error = tidy["TUUNGANE", "std.error"], 
          N         = x$N ),3)
  
}, mechanisms, names(mechanisms))

add_cols <- mapply(function(d, dv){
  d <- d %>% arrange(LOTT_BIN)
  N_cluster <- ifelse(length(unique(d$IDV_CDCCODE[!is.na(d[[dv]])])) > 0,
                      length(unique(d$IDV_CDCCODE[!is.na(d[[dv]])])),
                      length(unique(d$IDS_CDCCODE[!is.na(d[[dv]])])))
  
  #block weights in the data
  d$dv <- d[[dv]][]
  #block average for control
  ave_ctrl_blocks <- d %>% 
    subset(TUUNGANE == 0) %>%
    group_by(LOTT_BIN) %>%
    summarize(block_n = sum(!is.na(dv)),
              ave = mean(dv, na.rm = TRUE)) %>% ungroup() %>%
    mutate(block_w = block_n/nrow(.))
  #weighted average of block averages
  w_ave_ctrl_blocks <- weighted.mean(ave_ctrl_blocks$ave, ave_ctrl_blocks$block_w, na.rm = TRUE)
  #weighted sd of block averages
  w_sd_ctrl_blocks <- sd(d$dv, na.rm = TRUE)
  
  return(round(rbind(w_ave_ctrl_blocks, w_sd_ctrl_blocks, N_cluster), 3))
}, d = list(vill, vill, vill, vill, vill, vill, ind, ind, ind, vill), dv = dvs_mech) %>% t()

mechanisms_table <- cbind(control.mean = add_cols[,1], control.sd = add_cols[,2], t(mechanisms_table)[,-1], N_cluster = add_cols[,3])

kable(mechanisms_table)
control.mean control.sd Effect std_error N N_cluster
part 132.394 79.683 -1.199 6.297 455 455
inter 14.697 5.524 -0.267 0.483 457 457
male_d 70.255 15.018 0.161 1.360 442 442
sel 0.015 0.987 0.072 0.073 451 451
compos 0.033 0.963 0.099 0.078 452 452
mech 0.007 1.021 -0.036 0.094 414 413
compl 0.015 1.019 -0.010 0.052 3658 411
corr 37.965 48.568 0.697 2.384 3699 411
accep 39.161 49.025 2.399 2.335 1407 411
accoun -0.026 1.056 0.011 0.084 399 399

Script to output result tables to .tex files.

source("Code/3.2 Output_MainResults.R")

if(saving){
  sink(paste0(output_folder, "/Table2_Capture.tex"))
  tablr(T2)
  sink()
  
  sink(paste0(output_folder, "/Table3_Practice.tex"))
  tablr(T3)
  sink()
}

Table 4: Tuungane Balance Table

Create Tuungane balance table.

# Balance variables
BALANCE_VARS <- c(DIST   = "distance",
                  VILL   = "dist_mine",
                  VILL   = "mineral_index",
                  PUBLIC = "public2006",
                  VILL   = "former_chief_elec",
                  MIG    = "mig2006",  
                  STATS  = "age"
)

# Balance datasets
BALANCE <- list(vill, vill, vill, vill, vill, vill,  as.data.frame(STATS))

# Balance table
balance.table <- sapply(1:length(BALANCE), function(i){
  data <- BALANCE[[i]]
  Y    <- BALANCE_VARS[i]
  balance_function(data[,Y, drop = TRUE],
                   data[,"TUUNGANE", drop = TRUE], 
                   data[,"VILL_WEIGHT", drop = TRUE])}) %>% 
  round(., 2) %>% 
  t()
Control Tuungane d-stat N
Distance from major urban center 9.27 8.96 -0.02 802
Distance to village mine 5.75 6.09 0.02 470
Mineral composition 0.84 0.78 -0.06 617
Presence infrastructure in 2006 7.67 7.01 -0.09 722
Former chief popular choice 0.18 0.16 -0.05 653
In-migration in 2006 8.46 8.22 -0.01 607
Age 39.77 39.30 -0.03 5411

Table 4b: RAPID Balance Table (Supplementary)

Create RAPID balance table.

# Balance table
balance.table.RAPID <- sapply(1:length(BALANCE), function(i){
  data <- BALANCE[[i]]
  Y    <- BALANCE_VARS[i]
  balance_function(data[,Y][],
                   data[,"IDV_RAPID"][], 
                   data[,"IPW_RAPID"][])}) %>% 
  round(., 2) %>% 
  t()
Control RAPID d-stat N
Distance from major urban center 8.46 8.00 -0.04 802
Distance to village mine 8.54 3.23 -0.21 470
Mineral composition 1.07 0.73 -0.25 617
Presence infrastructure in 2006 7.20 7.92 0.11 722
Former chief popular choice 0.12 0.14 0.05 653
In-migration in 2006 7.65 12.39 0.17 607
Age 40.01 38.60 -0.10 5411

Script to output tables to .tex files.

source("Code/3.1 Output_BalanceTables.R")

if(saving){
  sink(paste0(output_folder, "/Table4_Balance_TUUNGANE.tex"))
  tablr(T_Balance)
  sink()
}

if(saving){
  sink(paste0(output_folder, "/Table4_Balance_RAPID.tex"))
  tablr(T_Balance_RAPID)
  sink()
}

Table 5: Summary Statistics

outcomes <- c("RAPID", "TUUNGANE", "da109_not_verifiable", "qr026i_fund_misuse",
              "qr2830_list_experiment","stdev_benefits", "Correct_B_projet",
              "PART_A1", "N_INTERV", "MALE_DOM", "MFI_SELECTION", "MFI_COMPOSITION", 
              "MFI_MECHANISMS","MFI_COMPLAINTS", "qr002CORRECT", "qi003_accept", 
              "MFI_ACCOUNTING")

datasets <- list(cdcdata, cdcdata, vill, 
                 ind,ind,vill,
                 ind, vill, vill,  vill,
                 vill, vill,  vill,ind,                         
                 ind, ind, vill)


sumStats <- mapply(function(y, d){
  
  IDVs <- cdcdata[,"IDV"]
  
  if(y == "qr2830_list_experiment" | y == "Correct_B_projet"){
    
    # subset interactions
    if(y == "qr2830_list_experiment")   {i0 <- d$RB    == 0;i1 <- d$RB    == 1}
    if(y == "Correct_B_projet") {i0 <- d$CHIEF == 0; i1 <- d$CHIEF == 1}
    
    # compute subsetted villmeans 
    villmean_0 <- aggregate(d[i0,c("IDV",y)], by= list(d$IDV[i0]), FUN="mean", na.rm=TRUE) %>%
      select(IDV, X_0 = y)
    villmean_1 <- aggregate(d[i1,c("IDV",y)], by= list(d$IDV[i1]), FUN="mean", na.rm=TRUE)%>%
      select(IDV, X_1 = y)
    
    # Clean up interactions -- Impute means where one side has data present
    villmean    <- merge(IDVs, villmean_0, by = "IDV", all.x = TRUE) %>%
      merge(villmean_1 ,by = "IDV", all.x = TRUE) %>%
      mutate(X_1 = ifelse(is.na(X_1)& !is.na(X_0), mean(X_1, na.rm = TRUE), X_1),
             X_0 = ifelse(!is.na(X_1)&!is.na(X_0), mean(X_0, na.rm = TRUE), X_0),
             X  = X_1 - X_0)
    
  } else {
    
    villmean <-  aggregate(d[,c("IDV",y)], by= list(d$IDV), FUN="mean", na.rm=TRUE) %>%
      select(IDV, X = y)
    
  }
  with(villmean,
       c( N = sum(!is.na(X)), mean = mean(X, na.rm = T), sd = sd(X, na.rm = T) , min = min(X, na.rm = T), max =max(X, na.rm = T)))
},y = outcomes, datasets)

kable(t(sumStats ), digits = 2 )
N mean sd min max
RAPID 1120 0.50 0.50 0.00 1.00
TUUNGANE 1120 0.50 0.50 0.00 1.00
da109_not_verifiable 394 0.15 0.21 0.00 1.00
qr026i_fund_misuse 412 0.15 0.22 0.00 1.00
qr2830_list_experiment 408 0.46 0.60 -1.21 2.79
stdev_benefits 409 2.74 5.89 0.00 35.84
Correct_B_projet 435 0.09 0.48 -0.26 0.74
PART_A1 455 131.13 79.68 20.00 508.00
N_INTERV 457 14.54 5.52 1.00 60.00
MALE_DOM 442 70.71 15.02 0.00 100.00
MFI_SELECTION 451 0.06 0.99 -1.49 1.24
MFI_COMPOSITION 452 0.07 0.96 -2.67 2.07
MFI_MECHANISMS 414 -0.01 1.02 -2.11 3.03
MFI_COMPLAINTS 412 0.02 0.68 -0.85 2.20
qr002CORRECT 411 38.48 28.07 0.00 100.00
qi003_accept 779 38.81 39.48 0.00 100.00
MFI_ACCOUNTING 399 -0.03 1.06 -3.40 1.58

Script to output table to .tex files.

source("Code/3.4 Output_SumStats.R")

if(saving){
  sink(paste0(output_folder,"/Table5_SumStats.tex"))
  tablr(T_SS)
  sink()
}

Tables 6 and 7: Spillovers

# Note: Blocks are not used in the calculation of estimates but blocks are taken into account in the randomization inference procedure

# spillover at 5km threshold
analysis05 <- sapply(gpsvars, function(j) 
  ri.analysis(gps[j][[1]], IND = gps$indirect05, indirects=ind05, weight = gps$gps_weight05, weight_matrix = w05, spilloversims = spilloversims)
  )

CONTENT05 <- round(t(analysis05),2)

# spillover at 20km threshold
analysis20 <- sapply(gpsvars, function(j) 
  ri.analysis(gps[j][[1]], IND = gps$indirect20, indirects=ind20, weight = gps$gps_weight20, weight_matrix = w20, spilloversims = spilloversims)
  )

CONTENT20 <- round(t(analysis20),2)

kable(CONTENT05, title = "Spillovers at 5km")
d se_d in se_in RMSE p N
da109_not_verifiable 0.07 0.04 -0.04 0.04 0.43 0.94 156
qr026i_fund_misuse 0.11 0.04 -0.04 0.03 0.42 0.83 163
LIST_RA 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.11 1.27 0.52 163
stdev_benefits 0.89 0.70 0.41 0.68 8.22 0.22 163
Right1 -0.05 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.79 0.50 157
PART_A1 -14.65 11.49 1.07 11.25 138.85 0.77 171
N_INTERV 0.28 0.78 0.45 0.76 9.45 0.40 172
MALE_DOM 1.17 2.46 0.23 2.40 29.41 0.80 169
MFI_SELECTION 0.26 0.16 0.16 0.16 2.00 0.73 170
MFI_COMPOSITION 0.23 0.15 -0.16 0.15 1.85 0.54 170
MFI_MECHANISMS -0.02 0.17 -0.06 0.16 1.95 0.81 164
MFI_COMPLAINTS 0.34 0.12 -0.03 0.12 1.41 0.89 163
qr002CORRECT -2.28 4.43 2.63 4.33 52.02 0.92 163
qi003_accept 7.10 4.81 -6.43 4.74 81.60 0.94 301
MFI_ACCOUNTING -0.22 0.18 -0.13 0.17 2.03 0.59 157 
kable(CONTENT20, title = "Spillovers at 20km")
d se_d in se_in RMSE p N
da109_not_verifiable -0.02 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.29 0.24 119
qr026i_fund_misuse 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.32 0.54 126
LIST_RA -0.02 0.11 -0.16 0.10 1.01 0.49 126
stdev_benefits -0.16 0.68 -0.55 0.61 5.99 0.89 126
Right1 0.12 0.09 -0.03 0.08 0.74 0.57 120
PART_A1 6.53 15.86 -42.05 13.90 146.56 0.98 141
N_INTERV -0.22 1.03 0.79 0.90 9.54 0.61 141
MALE_DOM 0.28 3.30 0.84 2.95 29.67 0.91 133
MFI_SELECTION -0.12 0.18 -0.01 0.16 1.69 0.73 141
MFI_COMPOSITION 0.41 0.16 0.34 0.14 1.48 0.53 142
MFI_MECHANISMS -0.10 0.20 -0.42 0.18 1.77 0.49 126
MFI_COMPLAINTS 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.09 0.84 0.50 126
qr002CORRECT -4.46 4.75 -1.30 4.24 41.61 0.38 126
qi003_accept -2.14 5.51 11.36 4.99 68.11 0.20 241
MFI_ACCOUNTING 0.06 0.15 -0.14 0.14 1.33 0.30 120

Script to output tables to .tex files.

source("Code/3.5 Output_Spillovers.R")

if(saving){
  sink(paste0(output_folder, "/Table6_spill05.tex"))
  tablr(T_spill05)
  sink()
  
  sink(paste0(output_folder,"/Table7_spill20.tex"))
  tablr(T_spill20)
  sink()
}

Table 8: Social Desirability

pos <- lm_robust(FIRST_ANSWER ~  TUUNGANE + IDS_TUUNGANE_POS + POS_PROMPT,
                 weights = VILL_WEIGHT, data = ind, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE)

neg <- lm_robust(FIRST_ANSWER ~  TUUNGANE + IDS_TUUNGANE_NEG + NEG_PROMPT,
                 weights = VILL_WEIGHT, data = ind,
                 clusters = IDS_CDCCODE)

summary(pos)
## 
## Call:
## lm_robust(formula = FIRST_ANSWER ~ TUUNGANE + IDS_TUUNGANE_POS + 
##     POS_PROMPT, data = ind, weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE)
## 
## Weighted, Standard error type:  CR2 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                  Estimate Std. Error t value  Pr(>|t|) CI Lower CI Upper
## (Intercept)      0.642491    0.01755 36.6121 6.593e-82  0.60785  0.67714
## TUUNGANE         0.007066    0.02459  0.2873 7.740e-01 -0.04130  0.05543
## IDS_TUUNGANE_POS 0.008741    0.02906  0.3007 7.638e-01 -0.04843  0.06591
## POS_PROMPT       0.200852    0.01999 10.0464 5.770e-19  0.16139  0.24032
##                     DF
## (Intercept)      167.7
## TUUNGANE         332.8
## IDS_TUUNGANE_POS 344.4
## POS_PROMPT       171.5
## 
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05624 ,   Adjusted R-squared:  0.05549 
## F-statistic: 66.62 on 3 and 417 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

summary(neg)
## 
## Call:
## lm_robust(formula = FIRST_ANSWER ~ TUUNGANE + IDS_TUUNGANE_NEG + 
##     NEG_PROMPT, data = ind, weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE)
## 
## Weighted, Standard error type:  CR2 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                   Estimate Std. Error t value   Pr(>|t|) CI Lower CI Upper
## (Intercept)       0.843344    0.01314 64.1606 1.605e-115  0.81738  0.86930
## TUUNGANE          0.015807    0.01850  0.8543  3.935e-01 -0.02059  0.05220
## IDS_TUUNGANE_NEG  0.008741    0.02906  0.3007  7.638e-01 -0.04843  0.06591
## NEG_PROMPT       -0.209593    0.02110 -9.9352  1.097e-18 -0.25123 -0.16795
##                     DF
## (Intercept)      158.9
## TUUNGANE         325.9
## IDS_TUUNGANE_NEG 344.4
## NEG_PROMPT       172.9
## 
## Multiple R-squared:  0.05624 ,   Adjusted R-squared:  0.05549 
## F-statistic: 66.62 on 3 and 417 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
Positive prompt Negative prompt Difference (se)
Control 0.642 0.843 0.201 0.02
Tuungane 0.65 0.859 0.21 0.021
Difference 0.007 0.016 0.009
(se) 0.025 0.019 0.029

Table 9: Robustness

## 1: Alternative treatment

robust_alt_treatment <- list(
  
  fin_irregul  =  lm_robust(da109_not_verifiable ~ IRC_TUUNGANE,
                            data     = vill, 
                            fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                            weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  embezzl_dir  = lm_robust(qr026i_fund_misuse ~ IRC_TUUNGANE + as.factor(LOTT_BIN),
                           data     = ind, 
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT, 
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  
  embezzl_list = lm_robust(
    qr2830_list_experiment  ~ IRC_TUUNGANE + RB + RB*IRC_TUUNGANE + as.factor(LOTT_BIN), 
                           data     = ind,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT,
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE),
  
  ineq_benef   = lm_robust(stdev_benefits ~ IRC_TUUNGANE, 
                           fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                           data     = vill,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT ),
  
  chief_domin  = lm_robust(
    Correct_B_projet ~ IRC_TUUNGANE + CHIEF + CHIEF*IRC_TUUNGANE + as.factor(LOTT_BIN), 
                           data     = ind,
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  part  =  lm_robust(PART_A1   ~ IRC_TUUNGANE ,
                     data = vill,
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  inter =  lm_robust(N_INTERV  ~ IRC_TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, 
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  male_d = lm_robust(MALE_DOM  ~ IRC_TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill,
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  sel    = lm_robust(MFI_SELECTION ~ IRC_TUUNGANE,
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  compos = lm_robust(MFI_COMPOSITION ~ IRC_TUUNGANE,
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     data = vill, 
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  mech   = lm_robust(MFI_MECHANISMS  ~ IRC_TUUNGANE,
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     data  = vill, 
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  compl = lm_robust(MFI_COMPLAINTS ~ IRC_TUUNGANE + as.factor(LOTT_BIN),
                    data =  ind,
                    weights = VILL_WEIGHT,
                    clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  
  corr  = lm_robust(qr002CORRECT   ~ IRC_TUUNGANE + as.factor(LOTT_BIN),
                    data =  ind, 
                    weights = VILL_WEIGHT, 
                    clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  
  accep = lm_robust(qi003_accept  ~ IRC_TUUNGANE + as.factor(LOTT_BIN),
                    data =  ind,
                    weights = VILL_WEIGHT, 
                    clusters = IDS_CDCCODE),
  
  accoun = lm_robust(MFI_ACCOUNTING ~ IRC_TUUNGANE,
                     data  = vill, 
                     fixed_effects = LOTT_BIN,
                     weights = VILL_WEIGHT)
)

robust_alt_treatment <- mapply(tidy_results, robust_alt_treatment, names(robust_alt_treatment), alt_treat = TRUE) %>% t()
robust_alt_treatment[,3] <- paste0("(", robust_alt_treatment[,3], ")")
robust_alt_treatment <- splice_sds(robust_alt_treatment[,2:3])

# 2: Village level
robust_village_level <- list(
  
  fin_irregul  =  lm_robust(da109_not_verifiable ~ TUUNGANE,
                            data     = vill,  # sampling weights don't apply
                            weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  embezzl_dir  = lm_robust(Y_weighted ~ TUUNGANE,
                           data     = genVillmeans("qr026i_fund_misuse", ind), 
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  embezzl_list = lm_robust(Y_weighted  ~ TUUNGANE,
                           #removed interaction because genVilldiff() calculates outcome as difference 
                           data     = genVilldiff("qr2830_list_experiment", ind),
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  ineq_benef   = lm_robust(stdev_benefits ~ TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = vill,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  chief_domin  = lm_robust(Y_weighted ~ TUUNGANE,
                           #removed interaction because genVilldiff() calculates outcome as difference
                           data     = genVilldiff("Correct_B_projet", ind),
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  part  =  lm_robust(PART_A1   ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  inter =  lm_robust(N_INTERV  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  male_d = lm_robust(MALE_DOM  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  sel    = lm_robust(MFI_SELECTION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compos = lm_robust(MFI_COMPOSITION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  mech   = lm_robust(MFI_MECHANISMS  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compl = lm_robust(Y_weighted ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  genVillmeans("MFI_COMPLAINTS", ind), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  corr  = lm_robust(Y_weighted   ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  genVillmeans("qr002CORRECT", ind), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  accep = lm_robust(Y_weighted  ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  genVillmeans("qi003_accept", ind), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  accoun = lm_robust(MFI_ACCOUNTING ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT)
)

robust_village_level <- mapply(tidy_results, robust_village_level, names(robust_village_level)) %>% t()
robust_village_level[,3] <- paste0("(", robust_village_level[,3], ")")
robust_village_level <- splice_sds(robust_village_level[,2:3])


# 3: NO Lott Bins
robust_lott_bins <- list(
  
  fin_irregul  =  lm_robust(da109_not_verifiable ~ TUUNGANE,
                            data     =  vill, 
                            weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  embezzl_dir  = lm_robust(qr026i_fund_misuse ~ TUUNGANE,
                           data     = ind, 
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT, 
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  
  embezzl_list = lm_robust(qr2830_list_experiment  ~ TUUNGANE + RA + RA*TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = ind,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT,
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE),
  
  ineq_benef   = lm_robust(stdev_benefits ~ TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = vill,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT ),
  
  chief_domin  = lm_robust(Correct_B_projet ~ TUUNGANE + CHIEF + CHIEF*TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = ind,
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  part  =  lm_robust(PART_A1   ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  inter =  lm_robust(N_INTERV  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  male_d = lm_robust(MALE_DOM  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  sel    = lm_robust(MFI_SELECTION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compos = lm_robust(MFI_COMPOSITION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  mech   = lm_robust(MFI_MECHANISMS  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compl = lm_robust(MFI_COMPLAINTS ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  ind, weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  corr  = lm_robust(qr002CORRECT   ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  ind, weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  accep = lm_robust(qi003_accept  ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  ind, weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  accoun = lm_robust(MFI_ACCOUNTING ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT)
)

robust_lott_bins <- mapply(tidy_results, robust_lott_bins, names(robust_lott_bins)) %>% t()
robust_lott_bins[,3] <- paste0("(", robust_lott_bins[,3], ")")
robust_lott_bins <- splice_sds(robust_lott_bins[,2:3])

# Results (at the village level) using propensity weights adjusted to assess village level sample average treatment effects
# rather than sate average treatment effects.
robust_prop_weight <- list(
  
  fin_irregul  =  lm_robust(da109_not_verifiable ~ TUUNGANE,
                            data     = vill, 
                            weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  embezzl_dir  = lm_robust(Y_unweighted ~ TUUNGANE,
                           data     = genVillmeans("qr026i_fund_misuse", ind), 
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT, 
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  
  embezzl_list = lm_robust(Y_unweighted  ~ TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = genVilldiff("qr2830_list_experiment", ind),
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT,
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE),
  
  ineq_benef   = lm_robust(stdev_benefits ~ TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = vill,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT ),
  
  chief_domin  = lm_robust(Y_unweighted ~ TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = genVilldiff("Correct_B_projet", ind),
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  part  =  lm_robust(PART_A1   ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  inter =  lm_robust(N_INTERV  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  male_d = lm_robust(MALE_DOM  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  sel    = lm_robust(MFI_SELECTION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compos = lm_robust(MFI_COMPOSITION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  mech   = lm_robust(MFI_MECHANISMS  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compl = lm_robust(Y_unweighted ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  genVillmeans("MFI_COMPLAINTS", ind), 
                    weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  corr  = lm_robust(Y_unweighted   ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  genVillmeans("qr002CORRECT", ind),
                    weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  accep = lm_robust(Y_unweighted  ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  genVillmeans("qi003_accept", ind),
                    weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  accoun = lm_robust(MFI_ACCOUNTING ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = vill, weights = VILL_WEIGHT)
)

robust_prop_weight <- mapply(tidy_results, robust_prop_weight, names(robust_prop_weight)) %>% t()
robust_prop_weight[,3] <- paste0("(", robust_prop_weight[,3], ")")
robust_prop_weight <- splice_sds(robust_prop_weight[,2:3])

# Main results
robust_main_results <- mapply(tidy_results, main_results, names(main_results)) %>% t()
robust_main_results[,3] <- paste0("(", robust_main_results[,3], ")")
robust_main_results <- splice_sds(robust_main_results[,2:3])

# Mechanism results
robust_mechanisms <- mapply(tidy_results, mechanisms, names(mechanisms)) %>% t()
robust_mechanisms[,3] <- paste0("(", robust_mechanisms[,3], ")")
robust_mechanisms <- splice_sds(robust_mechanisms[,2:3])

robust_main_results <- rbind(robust_main_results, robust_mechanisms)
kable(cbind(varnames_, robust_main_results, robust_alt_treatment, robust_village_level, robust_lott_bins, robust_prop_weight), col.names = c("", "Base", "Alt. Treat", "Village (weighted)", "No block FE", "Village (unweighted)"))
Base Alt. Treat Village (weighted) No block FE Village (unweighted)
Financial Irregularities -0.006 0.001 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004
(0.02) (0.02) (0.021) (0.021) (0.021)
Embezzlement (direct) -0.001 -0.005 0.006 -0.001 0.006
(0.018) (0.019) (0.01) (0.021) (0.022)
Embezzlement (list experiment) -0.007 -0.017 0.031 0.013 0.031
(0.054) (0.055) (0.023) (0.06) (0.022)
Inequality of (Private) Benefits 0.163 0.182 0.206 0.206 0.206
(0.495) (0.49) (0.588) (0.588) (0.588)
Dominance of Chief’s Preferences 0.024 0.034 0 0.017 0.008
(0.03) (0.03) (0) (0.031) (0.005)
Meeting Attendance -1.199 -1.482 -1.983 -1.983 -1.983
(6.297) (6.347) (7.403) (7.403) (7.403)
Interventions in Meeting -0.267 -0.12 -0.391 -0.391 -0.391
(0.483) (0.494) (0.508) (0.508) (0.508)
Dominance of Men in Discussion 0.161 -0.026 0.158 0.158 0.158
(1.36) (1.375) (1.49) (1.49) (1.49)
Participatory Selection Methods 0.072 0.08 0.072 0.072 0.072
(0.073) (0.073) (0.094) (0.094) (0.094)
Committee Composition 0.099 0.078 0.083 0.083 0.083
(0.078) (0.079) (0.096) (0.096) (0.096)
Accountability Mechanisms -0.036 -0.017 -0.029 -0.029 -0.029
(0.094) (0.096) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1)
Private Complaints -0.01 -0.015 0.014 -0.006 0.011
(0.052) (0.054) (0.028) (0.066) (0.067)
Knowledge of Project Amount 0.697 0.06 0.646 0.414 1.436
(2.384) (2.411) (1.647) (2.837) (2.86)
Willingness to Seek Information 2.399 1.579 1.964 2.846 3.661
(2.335) (2.342) (2.289) (2.967) (3.004)
Quality of Accounting 0.011 -0.01 0.013 0.013 0.013
(0.084) (0.086) (0.105) (0.105) (0.105)

Table 10: Heterogeneous Effects by Initial Institutions

# schools
noschools <- list(
  
  fin_irregul  =  lm_robust(da109_not_verifiable ~ TUUNGANE,
                            data     = subset(vill, NOSCHOOLS==1), 
                            weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  embezzl_dir  = lm_robust(qr026i_fund_misuse ~ TUUNGANE,
                           data     = subset(ind, NOSCHOOLS==1), 
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT, 
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  
  embezzl_list = lm_robust(qr2830_list_experiment  ~ TUUNGANE + RA + RA*TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = subset(ind, NOSCHOOLS==1),
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT,
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE),
  
  ineq_benef   = lm_robust(stdev_benefits ~ TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = subset(vill, NOSCHOOLS==1),
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT ),
  
  chief_domin  = lm_robust(Correct_B_projet ~ TUUNGANE + CHIEF + CHIEF*TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = subset(ind, NOSCHOOLS==1),
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  part  =  lm_robust(PART_A1   ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, NOSCHOOLS==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  inter =  lm_robust(N_INTERV  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, NOSCHOOLS==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  male_d = lm_robust(MALE_DOM  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, NOSCHOOLS==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  sel    = lm_robust(MFI_SELECTION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, NOSCHOOLS==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compos = lm_robust(MFI_COMPOSITION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, NOSCHOOLS==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  mech   = lm_robust(MFI_MECHANISMS  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = subset(vill, NOSCHOOLS==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compl = lm_robust(MFI_COMPLAINTS ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  subset(ind, NOSCHOOLS==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  corr  = lm_robust(qr002CORRECT   ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  subset(ind, NOSCHOOLS==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  accep = lm_robust(qi003_accept  ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  subset(ind, NOSCHOOLS==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  accoun = lm_robust(MFI_ACCOUNTING ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = subset(vill, NOSCHOOLS==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT))

robust_noschools <- mapply(tidy_results, noschools, names(noschools)) %>% t()
robust_noschools[,3] <- paste0("(", robust_noschools[,3], ")")
robust_noschools <- splice_sds(robust_noschools[,2:3])

# inherited
inherited <- list(
  
  fin_irregul  =  lm_robust(da109_not_verifiable ~ TUUNGANE,
                            data     = subset(vill, INHERITED==1), 
                            weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  embezzl_dir  = lm_robust(qr026i_fund_misuse ~ TUUNGANE,
                           data     = subset(ind, INHERITED==1), 
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT, 
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  
  embezzl_list = lm_robust(qr2830_list_experiment  ~ TUUNGANE + RA + RA*TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = subset(ind, INHERITED==1),
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT,
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE),
  
  ineq_benef   = lm_robust(stdev_benefits ~ TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = subset(vill, INHERITED==1),
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT ),
  
  chief_domin  = lm_robust(Correct_B_projet ~ TUUNGANE + CHIEF + CHIEF*TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = subset(ind, INHERITED==1),
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  part  =  lm_robust(PART_A1   ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, INHERITED==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  inter =  lm_robust(N_INTERV  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, INHERITED==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  male_d = lm_robust(MALE_DOM  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, INHERITED==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  sel    = lm_robust(MFI_SELECTION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, INHERITED==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compos = lm_robust(MFI_COMPOSITION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, INHERITED==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  mech   = lm_robust(MFI_MECHANISMS  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = subset(vill, INHERITED==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compl = lm_robust(MFI_COMPLAINTS ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  subset(ind, INHERITED==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  corr  = lm_robust(qr002CORRECT   ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  subset(ind, INHERITED==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  accep = lm_robust(qi003_accept  ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  subset(ind, INHERITED==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  accoun = lm_robust(MFI_ACCOUNTING ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = subset(vill, INHERITED==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT))

robust_inherited <- mapply(tidy_results, inherited, names(inherited)) %>% t()
robust_inherited[,3] <- paste0("(", robust_inherited[,3], ")")
robust_inherited <- splice_sds(robust_inherited[,2:3])

# committees
nocommittee <- list(
  
  fin_irregul  =  lm_robust(da109_not_verifiable ~ TUUNGANE,
                            data     = subset(vill, NOCOMMITTEE==1), 
                            weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  
  embezzl_dir  = lm_robust(qr026i_fund_misuse ~ TUUNGANE,
                           data     = subset(ind, NOCOMMITTEE==1), 
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT, 
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  
  embezzl_list = lm_robust(qr2830_list_experiment  ~ TUUNGANE + RA + RA*TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = subset(ind, NOCOMMITTEE==1),
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT,
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE),
  
  ineq_benef   = lm_robust(stdev_benefits ~ TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = subset(vill, NOCOMMITTEE==1),
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT ),
  
  chief_domin  = lm_robust(Correct_B_projet ~ TUUNGANE + CHIEF + CHIEF*TUUNGANE, 
                           data     = subset(ind, NOCOMMITTEE==1),
                           clusters = IDS_CDCCODE,
                           weights  = VILL_WEIGHT),
  part  =  lm_robust(PART_A1   ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, NOCOMMITTEE==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  inter =  lm_robust(N_INTERV  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, NOCOMMITTEE==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  male_d = lm_robust(MALE_DOM  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, NOCOMMITTEE==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  sel    = lm_robust(MFI_SELECTION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, NOCOMMITTEE==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compos = lm_robust(MFI_COMPOSITION ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data = subset(vill, NOCOMMITTEE==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  mech   = lm_robust(MFI_MECHANISMS  ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = subset(vill, NOCOMMITTEE==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT),
  compl = lm_robust(MFI_COMPLAINTS ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  subset(ind, NOCOMMITTEE==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  corr  = lm_robust(qr002CORRECT   ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  subset(ind, NOCOMMITTEE==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  accep = lm_robust(qi003_accept  ~ TUUNGANE,
                    data =  subset(ind, NOCOMMITTEE==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT, clusters = IDS_CDCCODE ),
  accoun = lm_robust(MFI_ACCOUNTING ~ TUUNGANE,
                     data  = subset(vill, NOCOMMITTEE==1), weights = VILL_WEIGHT))

robust_nocommittee <- mapply(tidy_results, nocommittee, names(nocommittee)) %>% t()
robust_nocommittee[,3] <- paste0("(", robust_nocommittee[,3], ")")
robust_nocommittee <- splice_sds(robust_nocommittee[,2:3])


kable( cbind(varnames_, robust_main_results, robust_noschools, robust_nocommittee, robust_inherited),
       col.names = c("", "Base", "No School", "Inherited", "No Committee"))
Base No School Inherited No Committee
Financial Irregularities -0.006 0.006 -0.047 0.004
(0.02) (0.031) (0.035) (0.042)
Embezzlement (direct) -0.001 -0.009 -0.02 -0.004
(0.018) (0.03) (0.029) (0.035)
Embezzlement (list experiment) -0.007 -0.046 -0.092 -0.052
(0.054) (0.092) (0.097) (0.103)
Inequality of (Private) Benefits 0.163 1.526 1.596 -0.379
(0.495) (0.961) (0.855) (1.139)
Dominance of Chief’s Preferences 0.024 -0.032 0.007 -0.036
(0.03) (0.047) (0.05) (0.063)
Meeting Attendance -1.199 -4.547 -1.248 -9.803
(6.297) (10.954) (13.175) (15.321)
Interventions in Meeting -0.267 -1.046 -0.358 -1.233
(0.483) (0.939) (0.903) (1.125)
Dominance of Men in Discussion 0.161 -2.196 -1.131 0.749
(1.36) (2.566) (2.433) (2.956)
Participatory Selection Methods 0.072 0.328 0.389 0.106
(0.073) (0.157) (0.163) (0.169)
Committee Composition 0.099 0.091 -0.006 -0.161
(0.078) (0.166) (0.17) (0.199)
Accountability Mechanisms -0.036 -0.267 -0.015 -0.251
(0.094) (0.15) (0.159) (0.18)
Private Complaints -0.01 0.086 0.098 -0.105
(0.052) (0.097) (0.094) (0.115)
Knowledge of Project Amount 0.697 -0.1 -1.266 2.334
(2.384) (4.318) (4.566) (5.543)
Willingness to Seek Information 2.399 6.958 1.207 0.791
(2.335) (4.453) (4.354) (5.265)
Quality of Accounting 0.011 -0.071 -0.075 0.174
(0.084) (0.17) (0.187) (0.194)

Script to output tables to .tex files.

source("Code/3.3 Output_Robustness.R")

if(saving){
  sink(paste0(output_folder, "/Table9_Robust.tex"))
  tablr(T6)
  sink()
  
  sink(paste0(output_folder, "/Table10_Hetero.tex"))
  tablr(T7)
  sink()
}

Figure 1: Map Tuungane Treatment and Control

This figure requires aceess to GPS data and is only generated if with_GPS = TRUE.

if(with_GPS){
  
gps2 <- GPS
gps2 <- left_join(gps2, vill[,c("IDV", "IDV_RAPID")])

coordinates(gps2) <- gps2[,c("longitude","latitude")]
proj4string(gps2) <- CRS("+init=epsg:4326")

col <- spTransform(col, CRSobj = CRS(proj4string(gps2)))

#generate plot
xlim <- gps2@bbox[1,] + c(3, 0)
ylim <- gps2@bbox[2,] + c(-1, 1)

map_tuungane <- function(){
  par(mar = c(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5))
  plot(col, xlim = xlim, ylim = ylim, lwd = .1)
  plot(gps2, add=TRUE, #pch = 21, 
       pch = c(21, 24)[factor(gps2$IDV_RAPID)],
       bg = alpha(c("white", "black")[factor(gps2$TUUNGANE)], .6), cex = .4, lwd = .7)
  text(x=c(26.7, 28.5, 28, 26.4), y = c(-3.8,-3.7, -6.8, -9), labels = c("Maniema", "South Kivu", "Tanganyika", "Haut Katanga"), cex = .8)
  box()
  scalebar(200, xy = c(29.6, -11.5), type = "bar", below = "km", 
           lwd = 3, divs = 3, cex = .6)
  legend(29, -8.7, legend=c("Tuungane and RAPID", "Tuungane only", "RAPID only", "None"),
         pch = c(24, 21, 24, 21),
         pt.bg = alpha(c("black","black","white","white"), .6), bty = "n",
         cex = .6, pt.cex = .8, text.width = 1.5, y.intersp = 1, x.intersp = .8, 
         inset=0.05)
}

map_tuungane()

#output map to .pdf
if(saving){
  pdf(paste0(output_folder, "/Fig1_TuunganeMap.pdf"), width = 3, height = 5)
  map_tuungane()
  dev.off()
}
}

Figure 2: Timeline

DIS = unique(D$DISTRICT)
DISTRICT=D$DISTRICT
CHEF = D$CHEF

fig_timeline <- function(){
  par(mfrow=c(2,2))
  
  T1a =     as.Date(D$lottery_date_med, origin="1960-01-01")
  T1b =     as.Date(D$T1_end_cdv_med, origin="1960-01-01")
  T1c =     as.Date(D$T1_end_cdc_med, origin="1960-01-01") 
  Ra =  as.Date(D$stepA, origin="1960-01-01")
  Rb =  as.Date(D$stepD, origin="1960-01-01")
  up = .2
  # lshift = 320
  lshift = 800
  
  RANGE=c(min(T1a), max(Rb,T1c))
  RANGE2 = as.Date(seq(RANGE[1], RANGE[2], 60))
  
  DISTRICT[DISTRICT=="SUD KIVU"] <- "SOUTH KIVU"
  D$DISTRICT[D$DISTRICT=="SUD KIVU"] <- "SOUTH KIVU"
  DIS[DIS=="SUD KIVU"] <- "SOUTH KIVU"
  
  for(j in 1:length(DIS)){
    CH = unique(CHEF[DISTRICT == DIS[j]])
    DI = DIS[j] 
    o = rank(T1a[DISTRICT == DIS[j]])
    plot(RANGE, RANGE, main=DI, ylim = c(0, length(CH)+1), xlim=c(min(RANGE)-lshift, max(RANGE)), axes=F,  xlab="", ylab = "", cex.main=2)
    axis(1, at=RANGE2, labels=format(RANGE2, "%b %Y"), las=1, tick=F, cex.axis=1.5)
    box()
    for(i in (1:length(CH))){
      j = o[i]
      # Thin line:
      segments(T1a[CHEF==CH[i]],j, T1c[CHEF==CH[i]],j, col="black")
      # Thick line:
      segments(T1a[CHEF==CH[i]],j, T1b[CHEF==CH[i]],j, col="black", lwd=6)
      # Red line:
      segments(Ra[CHEF==CH[i]] ,j+up, Rb[CHEF==CH[i]],j+up, col="red", lwd=3)
      text(min(RANGE)-lshift,j, CH[i], pos=4, cex=1.3)
    }   
  }
  
}

fig_timeline()  

#output figure to .pdf
if(saving){
  pdf(file=paste0(output_folder, "/Fig2_Timeline.pdf"), width=13, height=15)
  fig_timeline()    
  dev.off()
}
## png 
##   2

Figure 3: Main Results

Script plots main results.

#rescale inequality of private benefits
res_main_table <- main_table
v <- which(rownames(main_table) %in% c("ineq_benef"))
res_main_table[v, ] <- res_main_table[v, ]/10

#rescale large mechanism vars
v <- which(rownames(mechanisms_table) %in% c("part", "corr", "accep", "male_d","inter"))
v2 <- which(rownames(mechanisms_table) %in% c("part"))
res_mechanisms_table <- mechanisms_table
res_mechanisms_table[v, ] <- res_mechanisms_table[v, ]/10
res_mechanisms_table[v2, ] <- res_mechanisms_table[v2, ]/10

plot_main <- function(b, se, rnames, title, side = 2){
  xlimit <- max(abs(c(b-1.96*se, b+1.96*se)))
  plot(x = b,
       y = 1:length(b), xlim = c(-xlimit-.2, xlimit+.2),
       xlab = "", pch = 19, axes = FALSE, ylim = c(.5,length(b)+.5),
       ylab = "", main = title)
  # text(x = min(b-1.96*se)-.8, y = 1:nrow(main_table), labels = rev(capture_var_names), pos = 4, cex = .8)
  axis(1)
  axis(2, at = 1:length(b), labels = rnames, las = 1, tick = FALSE, side = side)
  segments(x0 = b-1.96*se, y0=1:length(b), x1 = b+1.96*se)
  segments(x0 = b-1.96*se, y0=1:length(b), x1 = b+1.96*se)
  abline(v=0, col = "grey")
  # box()
}

PARTICIPATION_NAMES  <- mech_var_names[1:5]
ACCOUNTABILITY_NAMES <- mech_var_names[6:7]
TRANSPARENCY_NAMES   <- mech_var_names[8:10]


fig_mechanisms <- function(){
  # ticktextsize=1
  mar.default <- c(4,14,4,2) + 0.1
  par(mfrow = c(5,2),mar = mar.default + c(0, 2, 0, 0))
  layout(matrix(c(1,1,1,3,3,2,2,2,4,4), ncol = 2))
  
  # par(mfrow=c(2,2),  mar=c(0,0,0,0))
  
  b  <- as.numeric(res_main_table[,"Effect"])
  se <- as.numeric(gsub("\\(|\\)", "", res_main_table[,"std_error"]))
  se_0  <- as.numeric(res_main_table[,"control.sd"])
  plot_main(
    rev(b),#/se_0),
    rev(se),#/se_0),
    rnames = rev(capture_var_names),
    title = "Capture")#, tick=0.4, norm=1, ticktextsize=1)
  
  b  <- as.numeric(res_mechanisms_table[ c("part", "inter", "male_d", "sel", "compos"), "Effect" ])
  se <- as.numeric(gsub("\\(|\\)", "", res_mechanisms_table[c("part", "inter", "male_d", "sel", "compos"), "std_error"]))
  se_0 <-  as.numeric(res_mechanisms_table[ c("part", "inter", "male_d", "sel", "compos"), "control.sd" ])
  plot_main(
    rev(b),#/se_0), 
    rev(se),#/se_0), 
    rnames=    rev(PARTICIPATION_NAMES), 
    title = "Participation")#, tick=.3, norm=1, ticktextsize=1)
  
  
  b  <- as.numeric(res_mechanisms_table[ c("mech", "compl"),"Effect" ])
  se <- as.numeric(gsub("\\(|\\)", "", mechanisms_table[c("mech", "compl"), "std_error"]))
  se_0 <-  as.numeric(res_mechanisms_table[ c("mech", "compl"), "control.sd" ])
  plot_main(
    rev(b),#/se_0), 
    rev(se),#/se_0), 
    rnames=    rev(ACCOUNTABILITY_NAMES), 
    title = "Accountability")#, tick=.3, norm=1, ticktextsize=1)
  
  
  b  <- as.numeric(res_mechanisms_table[ c("corr", "accep", "accoun"), "Effect" ])
  se <- as.numeric(gsub("\\(|\\)", "", res_mechanisms_table[c("corr", "accep", "accoun" ), "std_error"]))
  se_0   <- as.numeric(res_mechanisms_table[ c("corr", "accep", "accoun"), "control.sd" ])
  plot_main(
    rev(b),#/se_0), 
    rev(se),#/se_0), 
    rnames=    rev(TRANSPARENCY_NAMES), 
    title = "Transparency")#, tick=.3, norm=1, ticktextsize=1)
}

fig_mechanisms()

#output figure to .pdf
if(saving){
  pdf(paste0(output_folder, "/Fig3_MainResults.pdf"), width = 11, height = 8)
  fig_mechanisms()
  dev.off()
}
## png 
##   2

Figure 4: Spillovers

This figure requires access to GPS data and is only generated if with_GPS = TRUE.

if(with_GPS){

# This defines a "translucent white" and a  "translucent black"
colors = c(rgb(1,1,1,.8), rgb(0,0,0,.8))

# Tuungane vs Control
TYPE1 = 1 +  1*(X$TUUNGANE==1) 
col  = rainbow(2)
table(TYPE1)

# 5km data
X5 = X[X$NOTEXTREME==1,]
TYPE5 =1 +  1*(X5$TUUNGANE==1) + 2*(X5$INDIRECT==1) 
col  = rainbow(4)
table(TYPE5)

# 20km data
X20 = X20[X20$NOTEXTREME==1,]
TYPE20 =1 +  1*(X20$TUUNGANE==1) + 2*(X20$INDIRECT==1) 
col  = rainbow(4)
table(TYPE20)

proj4string(drc.map.test) <- CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +ellps=WGS84") 
summary(drc.map.test) # This shows you the relevant coordinates to work from

# Plot maps

fig_spillovers <- function(){
  # Plot Spillovers for example HK
  pointsize = 1.5
  par(mfrow=c(1,3))
  plot(drc.map.test, xlim=c(26, 29), ylim=c(-11.8,-10)); title("All Units in Haut Katanga", cex.main=1.6)
  for(j in sample(length(X$latitude))) points(X$longitude[j], X$latitude[j], bg=colors[TYPE1[j]], pch = 21, cex=pointsize)
  lines(c(26.5,26.9),c(-12.2,-12.2), lwd=2)
  lines(c(26.5,26.5),c(-12.15,-12.25), lwd=2, lend=2)
  lines(c(26.9,26.9),c(-12.15,-12.25), lwd=2, lend=2)
  text(26.9,-12.2, "50 KM", pos=4)
  box()
  
  plot(drc.map.test, xlim=c(26, 29), ylim=c(-11.8,-10)); title("5km Spillover Effects Subsample", cex.main=1.6)
  for(j in sample(nrow(X5))) {
    if(X5$INDIRECT[j]==1) points(X5$longitude[j], X5$latitude[j], pch = 8, cex=pointsize, col = colors[2])
    points(X5$longitude[j], X5$latitude[j], bg=colors[X5$TUUNGANE[j]+1], pch = 21, cex=pointsize)}
  lines(c(26.5,26.9),c(-12.2,-12.2), lwd=2)
  lines(c(26.5,26.5),c(-12.15,-12.25), lwd=2, lend=2)
  lines(c(26.9,26.9),c(-12.15,-12.25), lwd=2, lend=2)
  text(26.9,-12.2, "50 KM", pos=4)
  box()
  
  plot(drc.map.test, xlim=c(26, 29), ylim=c(-11.8,-10)); title("20km Spillover Effects Subsample", cex.main=1.6)
  for(j in sample(nrow(X20))) {
    if(X20$INDIRECT[j]==1) points(X20$longitude[j], X20$latitude[j], pch = 8, cex=pointsize, col = colors[2])
    points(X20$longitude[j], X20$latitude[j], bg=colors[X20$TUUNGANE[j]+1], pch = 21, cex=pointsize)}
  lines(c(26.5,26.9),c(-12.2,-12.2), lwd=2)
  lines(c(26.5,26.5),c(-12.15,-12.25), lwd=2, lend=2)
  lines(c(26.9,26.9),c(-12.15,-12.25), lwd=2, lend=2)
  text(26.9,-12.2, "50 KM", pos=4)
  box()
}
}
if(with_GPS){
if(saving){
  pdf(file=paste0(output_folder, "/Fig4_Spillovers.pdf"), width=12, height=4) 
  fig_spillovers()
  dev.off()
}}

Figure 6: Minimal Detectable Effects

Below we calculate power under different absolute value of ATE for financial irregularities based on a simulation approach using the package DeclareDesign. We formally declare our data structure, our potential outcomes, assignment scheme, our estimand and estimators.

We calculate residuals from the regression of financial irregularity on the Tuungane treatment with block fixed effects among the control

df = vill
dv = "da109_not_verifiable"

cols <- c("TUUNGANE", "WEIGHT", "LOTT_BIN",
          "IDV", "IDV_CDCCODE", "IDS_CDCCODE",
          "CHIEF", "qr026i_fund_misuse", "res",
          "da109_not_verifiable")
dat <- df[, intersect(names(df), cols)]
dat <- dat %>% arrange(LOTT_BIN)

#residuals of village-level obs in control
dat0 <- dat[dat$TUUNGANE == 0 & !is.na(dat[[dv]]),]
dat0$dv <- dat0[[dv]]
m <- lm(dv ~ TUUNGANE + as.factor(LOTT_BIN), data = dat0, weights = dat0$WEIGHT)
dat0$res <- m$residuals

# Declare Tuungane Design
design_tuungane <- function(ate){
  
  #duplicate control data (note 1/3 outcomes missing for "da109_not_verifiable")
  dat01 <- dat0
  dat01$IDV <- paste0("dup", dat0$IDV)
  dat <- rbind(dat01,dat0)
  
  U <- declare_population(data = dat)
  
  Y <- declare_potential_outcomes(
    Y_Z_0 = res,
    Y_Z_1 = ate + res
  )
  
  per_block <- as.data.frame(table(dat$LOTT_BIN))$Freq / 2
  
  Z <- declare_assignment(blocks = LOTT_BIN, block_m = per_block)
  
  R <- declare_reveal(Y, Z)
  
  Q <- declare_estimand(ATE = mean(Y_Z_1 - Y_Z_0, na.rm = TRUE))
  
  
  B <- declare_estimator(Y ~ Z, #weights = ipw,
                         estimand = Q,
                         model = lm_robust,
                         label = "tuungane_estimator")
  
  
  design <- U + Y + Z + R  + Q + B #get_weights
  return(design)
}

We then run 500 simulations of this design assuming ATEs ranging [0, 0.2] to estimate statistical power.

d1_fin_irreg <- design_tuungane(ate = 0)
ates = seq(0, .2, length = 7)
d1s <- redesign(d1_fin_irreg, ate = ates)
diagnoses1 <- diagnose_design(d1s, bootstrap_sims = 0)

mde_plot(diagnoses1, "Financial Irregularities", xlim = c(0,.2))

if(saving){
  pdf(paste0(output_folder, "/Fig6_MDE_FinIrreg.pdf"), width = 5, height = 4)
  mde_plot(diagnoses1, "Financial Irregularities", xlim = c(0,.2))
  dev.off()
}
## png 
##   2

Figure 5: Information for Consort Chart

We explore the number of LLUs visited and surveys conducted during Steps A and D.

Step A Information

We consider a village as visited if any data was collected during Step A in that village. That is anything from (variable used): Step A enumerator survey (a_3_date_village_entry), Step A chief survey (ac_3_date), Step A village meeting survey (am_3_ag_date), or at least one of Step A’s household surveys (av_10_gender).

#join indiviual and village data
ABD <- left_join(ind, vill, by = intersect(names(ind), names(vill)) )

# household survey to village level
av10<-aggregate(av_10_gender ~ IDV, data=ABD, function(x) {sum(!is.na(x))}, na.action = NULL)
colnames(av10) <- c("IDV","av10")
ABD <- left_join(ABD, av10, by="IDV")  

ABD$StepA <- ( !(ABD$a_3_date_village_entry=="") | !(ABD$ac_3_date=="") | !(ABD$am_3_ag_date=="") | ABD$av10>0) 

# LLU visited
stepA_Total<-length(ABD$StepA[ABD$StepA==1 & ABD$vill==1])
stepA_Tuungane <-length(ABD$StepA[ABD$StepA==1 & ABD$vill==1 & ABD$TUUNGANE==1])
stepA_Control <-length(ABD$StepA[ABD$StepA==1 & ABD$vill==1 & ABD$TUUNGANE==0])

How many household surveys were collected during Step A?

# Take the most complete variable of the Step A household survey: av_10_gender

stepA_HHs <- length(ABD$av_10_gender[!is.na(ABD$av_10_gender)])    
stepA_HHs_Tuungane <- length(ABD$av_10_gender[!is.na(ABD$av_10_gender) & ABD$TUUNGANE==1])    
stepA_HHs_Control <- length(ABD$av_10_gender[!is.na(ABD$av_10_gender) & ABD$TUUNGANE==0])

stepA_HHs
## [1] 2214

stepA_HHs_Tuungane
## [1] 1111

stepA_HHs_Control
## [1] 1103

Step B Information

We consider a village as visited if any data was collected during Step B in that village.

ABD$StepB <- (!(ABD$b_3_date==""))
ABD %<>% group_by(IDV) %>% mutate(vill = row_number()) %>% ungroup()

# LLU visited
stepB_Total<-length(ABD$StepB[ABD$StepB==1 &  ABD$vill==1])
stepB_Tuungane<-length(ABD$StepB[ABD$StepB==1  & ABD$vill==1  & ABD$TUUNGANE==1])
stepB_Control<-length(ABD$StepB[ABD$StepB==1  & ABD$vill==1  & ABD$TUUNGANE==0])

stepB_Total
## [1] 454

stepB_Tuungane
## [1] 228

stepB_Control
## [1] 226

Step D Information

We consider a village as visited if any data was collected during Step D in that village. That is anything from (variable used): the Step D chief survey (cq007_date), or at least one of Step D’s household surveys (q000_consent_beg).

# household survey to village level
q11<-aggregate(q011_sex ~ IDV, data=ABD, function(x) {sum(!is.na(x))}, na.action = NULL)
colnames(q11) <- c("IDV","q11")
ABD <- merge(ABD, q11, by="IDV", all=TRUE)  

ABD$StepD <- (!(ABD$cq007_date=="") | ABD$q11>0)

# Total Step D 
stepD_Total<-length(ABD$StepD[ABD$StepD==1 & ABD$vill==1])


stepD_TuuRapid <- length(ABD$StepD[ABD$StepD==1 & ABD$vill==1 & ABD$TUUNGANE==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==1])
stepD_TuuNotrapid <- length(ABD$StepD[ABD$StepD==1 & ABD$vill==1 & ABD$TUUNGANE==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==0])
stepD_ControlRapid <- length(ABD$StepD[ABD$StepD==1 & ABD$vill==1 & ABD$TUUNGANE==0 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==1])
stepD_ControlNotrapid <- length(ABD$StepD[ABD$StepD==1 & ABD$vill==1 & ABD$TUUNGANE==0 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==0])

# Missing LLUs by province

missD_TuuRapid<-table(ABD$StepD[ABD$vill==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==1 & ABD$TUUNGANE==1], ABD$IDS_DISTRICT[ABD$vill==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==1  & ABD$TUUNGANE==1])
missD_TuuNotrapid<-table(ABD$StepD[ABD$vill==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==0 & ABD$TUUNGANE==1], ABD$IDS_DISTRICT[ABD$vill==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==0  & ABD$TUUNGANE==1])
missD_ControlRapid<-table(ABD$StepD[ABD$vill==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==1 & ABD$TUUNGANE==0], ABD$IDS_DISTRICT[ABD$vill==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==1  & ABD$TUUNGANE==0])
missD_ControlNotrapid<-table(ABD$StepD[ABD$vill==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==0 & ABD$TUUNGANE==0], ABD$IDS_DISTRICT[ABD$vill==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==0  & ABD$TUUNGANE==0])

stepD_Total
## [1] 816

stepD_TuuRapid
## [1] 208

stepD_TuuNotrapid
## [1] 200

stepD_ControlRapid
## [1] 205

stepD_ControlNotrapid
## [1] 203

missD_TuuRapid
##        
##         HK MN SK TG
##   FALSE  0 65  3  4
##   TRUE  74  9 72 53

missD_TuuNotrapid
##        
##         HK MN SK TG
##   FALSE  6 65  2  7
##   TRUE  68  9 73 50

missD_ControlRapid
##        
##         HK MN SK TG
##   FALSE  1 65  3  6
##   TRUE  73  8 71 53

missD_ControlNotrapid
##        
##         HK MN SK TG
##   FALSE  3 64  3  7
##   TRUE  71  9 71 52

How many panel household surveys were collected during Step D (RAPID villages only)?

# Take the most complete variable of the Step D household survey: q011_sex

stepD_Panel_Tuungane <- length(ABD$q011_sex[!is.na(ABD$q011_sex) & ABD$IDS_TYPES=="DMC" & ABD$TUUNGANE==1])    

stepD_Panel_Control <- length(ABD$q011_sex[!is.na(ABD$q011_sex) & ABD$IDS_TYPES=="DMC" & ABD$TUUNGANE==0])    

stepD_Panel_Tuungane
## [1] 947

stepD_Panel_Control
## [1] 916

How many additional household surveys were collected during Step D (RAPID and Survey-only villages)?

# Take the most complete variable of the Step D household survey: q011_sex

stepD_HH_TuuRap <- length(ABD$q011_sex[!is.na(ABD$q011_sex) & ABD$IDS_TYPES=="DML" & ABD$TUUNGANE==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==1])    

stepD_HH_TuuNotrapid <- length(ABD$q011_sex[!is.na(ABD$q011_sex) & ABD$IDS_TYPES=="DML" & ABD$TUUNGANE==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==0])    

stepD_HH_ControlRap <- length(ABD$q011_sex[!is.na(ABD$q011_sex) & ABD$IDS_TYPES=="DML" & ABD$TUUNGANE==0 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==1])    

stepD_HH_ControlNotrapid <- length(ABD$q011_sex[!is.na(ABD$q011_sex) & ABD$IDS_TYPES=="DML" & ABD$TUUNGANE==0 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==0])    

stepD_HH_TuuRap
## [1] 981

stepD_HH_TuuNotrapid
## [1] 946

stepD_HH_ControlRap
## [1] 971

stepD_HH_ControlNotrapid
## [1] 983

How many willingness to collect information surveys were collected during Step D (RAPID and Survey-only villages)?

# Take the most complete variable of the Step D household survey: q011_sex

info_TuuRap <- length(ABD$qi003_accept[!is.na(ABD$qi003_accept) & ABD$IDS_TYPES=="DML" & ABD$TUUNGANE==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==1])    

info_TuuNotrapid <- length(ABD$qi003_accept[!is.na(ABD$qi003_accept) & ABD$IDS_TYPES=="DML" & ABD$TUUNGANE==1 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==0])    

info_ControlRap <- length(ABD$qi003_accept[!is.na(ABD$qi003_accept) & ABD$IDS_TYPES=="DML" & ABD$TUUNGANE==0 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==1])    

info_ControlNotrapid <- length(ABD$qi003_accept[!is.na(ABD$qi003_accept) & ABD$IDS_TYPES=="DML" & ABD$TUUNGANE==0 & ABD$IDS_RAPID==0])    

info_TuuRap
## [1] 352

info_TuuNotrapid
## [1] 340

info_ControlRap
## [1] 349

info_ControlNotrapid
## [1] 366

Additional statistics

The paper quotes additional statistics derived from these datasets. These numbers are reproduced below.

#Average share of women in committee in control and treatment
vill %>% group_by(TUUNGANE) %>% summarize(share = mean(SHARE, na.rm = TRUE))
## # A tibble: 2 x 2
##   TUUNGANE share
##      <dbl> <dbl>
## 1        0 0.171
## 2        1 0.201

#External accountability mechanism present
mean(ABD_MERGE$DR_MECHANISMS_EXT, na.rm=T)
## [1] 12.5

#External accountability mechanism present and required to report to community
mean(ABD_MERGE$DR_MECHANISMS_COMM, na.rm=T)
## [1] 11.11111

#Accounting form present upon arrival of enumerators team
mean(vill$da027_got_accounting_form, na.rm=T)
## [1] 0.831202

#Funds accounted for RAPID committee
mean(vill$ACCOUNTED_COMM, na.rm=T)
## [1] 80.50629

#Funds accounted for adit teams
mean(vill$ACCOUNTED_EVAL, na.rm=T)
## [1] 80.84911

#Share of funds justified
mean(vill$PART_JUSTIFIED, na.rm=T)
## [1] 0.5769439

#Share of funds credibly justified
mean(vill$PART_CREDIBLY_JUSTIFIED, na.rm=T)
## [1] 46.74077

#General pop guessed correct grant amount
mean(ind$qr002CORRECT[!ind$CHIEF & ind$TUUNGANE==1], na.rm=TRUE)
## [1] 38.05405

#Willing to seek information among control
table(ind$qi003_accept[ind$TUUNGANE==0])
## 
##   0 100 
## 435 280

#Why refused to seek information
table(ind$qi004_why_not_accept[ind$qi003_accept==0&ind$TUUNGANE==0])
## 
##                                       Husband refuses 
##                         29                          9 
##         I do not have time It is inappropriate to ask 
##                         90                         75 
##               Other reason   Strange game and I doubt 
##                        192                         40

#Committed elected
mean(vill$ELECTIONS1[vill$IDV_RAPID==1])
## [1] 35.35714

#Committee elected, lott or concensus
mean(vill$ELECTIONS_LOTT_CON1[vill$TUUNGANE==1], na.rm=TRUE)
## [1] 77.33333

#Project through election
mean(vill$ELECTIONS2[vill$IDV_RAPID==1])
## [1] 25.35714

mean(vill$ELECTIONS_LOTT_CON2[vill$TUUNGANE==1], na.rm=TRUE)
## [1] 75.55556

#Spillover 5km
table(gps$TUUNGANE, gps$indirect05)
##    
##       0   1
##   0 269 235
##   1 301 215

v <- !is.na(gps$gps_weight05); sum(v)
## [1] 364

table(gps$TUUNGANE[v], gps$indirect05[v])
##    
##       0   1
##   0  49 129
##   1  74 112

#Spillover 20km
table(gps$TUUNGANE, gps$indirect20)
##    
##       0   1
##   0  68 436
##   1  78 438

v <- !is.na(gps$gps_weight20); sum(v)
## [1] 316

table(gps$TUUNGANE[v], gps$indirect20[v])
##    
##       0   1
##   0  25 127
##   1  41 123

#Spillover both
sum(!is.na(gps$gps_weight20)&!is.na(gps$gps_weight05))
## [1] 104

This concludes the replication file.