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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="" xml:lang="">
<head>
<title>Natural Selection Does Not Come Naturally: Getting mired in pattern & process and proximate & ultimate causality</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="author" content="Lucy Delaney" />
<meta name="date" content="2021-06-17" />
<script src="../libs/header-attrs-2.8/header-attrs.js"></script>
<meta name="github-repo" content="ledelaney/07-21-SABER"/>
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Natural Selection Does Not Come Naturally: Getting mired in pattern & process and proximate & ultimate causality"/>
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Talk presented at the annual meeting of SABER, 2021"/>
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<meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Title slide of Natural Selection Does Not Come Naturally: Getting mired in pattern & process and proximate & ultimate causality Talk presented at the annual meeting of SABER, 2021 by Lucy Delaney"/>
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<textarea id="source">
class: right, middle, title-slide, bg_frog
<h2>natural selection does not come naturally</h2>
<br>
<h3>getting mired in pattern & process and proximate & ultimate causality</h3>
<br/>
.left-align[
.contact[
.webpage[<i class="far fa-address-card"></i> <a href="https://ledelaney.org" target="_blank">@ledelaney.org</a><br>]
<i class="fa fa-github"></i> <a href="https://github.com/ledelaney" target="_blank">@ledelaney</a><br>
<i class="fa fa-twitter"></i> <a href="https://twitter.com/emergentlyLucy" target="_blank">@emergentlyLucy</a>]]
.pull-bottom[
SABER • July 2021]
---
class: center, top, bg_sunflower
<br>
<br>
<br>
--
<h3>how do students develop conceptual frameworks in evolution?</h3>
---
class: center, top, bg_sunflower
<br>
<br>
<br>
<h3>how do students develop conceptual frameworks in evolution?</h3>
.footnote-dark[
Dobzhansky, 1973]
---
class: middle, bg_01mt
---
class: middle, bg_02mt
.footnote-light[
Olander, 2010]
---
class: middle, bg_03mt
.footnote-light[
Olander, 2010; Barak _et al._, 1999]
---
class: middle, bg_04mt
.footnote-light[
Olander, 2010; Barak _et al._, 1999; Jordan _et al._, 2009]
---
class: middle, bg_05mt
.footnote-light[
Olander, 2010; Barak _et al._, 1999; Jordan _et al._, 2009; Göransson _et al._, 2020]
---
class: middle, bg_06mt
.footnote-light[
Olander, 2010; Barak _et al._, 1999; Jordan _et al._, 2009; Göransson _et al._, 2020; Gregory, 2009]
---
class: middle, bg_07mt
.footnote-light[
Olander, 2010; Barak _et al._, 1999; Jordan _et al._, 2009; Göransson _et al._, 2020; Gregory, 2009; Kampourakis & Niebert, 2018]
---
class: middle, bg_08mt
.footnote-light[
Olander, 2010; Barak _et al._, 1999; Jordan _et al._, 2009; Göransson _et al._, 2020; Gregory, 2009; Kampourakis & Niebert, 2018; Southerland _et al._, 2002]
---
class: middle, center, bg_gorg
--
.pull-right[
<img src="css/images/img/tree-ring.png" width="55%">
]
---
class: middle, center, bg_gorg
.pull-left-narrow[
<h2>proximate process</h2>]
.pull-right[
<img src="css/images/img/tree-ring.png" width="55%">
]
.footnote-light[
Mayr, 1961]
---
class: middle, center, bg_gorg
.pull-left-narrow[
<h2>proximate process</h2>]
.pull-right[
<img src="css/images/img/tree-ring.png" width="55%">
<img src="css/images/img/tree.png" width="80%">]
.footnote-light[
Mayr, 1961]
---
class: middle, center, bg_gorg
.pull-left-narrow[
<h2>proximate process</h2> <br><br><br><br><br><br>
<h2>ultimate process</h2>]
.pull-right[
<img src="css/images/img/tree-ring.png" width="55%">
<img src="css/images/img/tree.png" width="80%">]
.footnote-light[
Mayr, 1961]
---
class: middle, center, bg_gorg
.pull-left-narrow[
<h2 style="font-size: 55px;">proximate process</h2> <br><br><br>
<h2>ultimate process</h2>]
.pull-right[
<img src="css/images/img/tree-ring.png" width="55%">
<img src="css/images/img/tree.png" width="80%">]
.footnote-light[
Mayr, 1961]
---
class: middle, center, bg_gorg
.pull-left-narrow[
<h2>proximate process</h2> <br><br><br>
<h2 style="font-size: 55px;">ultimate process</h2>]
.pull-right[
<img src="css/images/img/tree-ring.png" width="55%">
<img src="css/images/img/tree.png" width="80%">]
.footnote-light[
Mayr, 1961]
---
class: middle, center, bg_jelly
--
<h2>pattern =
.italic[what]</h2>
<h2>process =
.italic[why]
</h2>
---
class: middle, center, bg_jelly
<h2>pattern =
.italic[what] = description</h2>
<h2>process =
.italic[why] = explanation
</h2>
---
class: middle, center, bg_jelly
<h2>pattern =
.italic[what] = description</h2>
<h2>process =
.italic[why] = explanation
</h2>
.bitlarger[
.pink[
patterns provide valuable information about the .bold[scope] of causal dependence]]
.footnote-light[
Potochnik, 2020]
---
class: middle, top, bg_peacock
--
<table>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th>question</th>
<th>example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>description</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what there is</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>what?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[🌳]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what function it has</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>what for?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[🌞]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table>
<tr>
<th id="opacity">explanation</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">proximate cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>how?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[➗]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">ultimate cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>why?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[⚔️]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;"> teleological cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>which aim?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[🙌]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis & Niebert, 2018; Gropengiesser et al., 2016]
---
class: middle, top, bg_peacock
<table>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th>question</th>
<th>example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>description</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what there is</th>
<td><br>what?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🌳]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what function it has</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>what for?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[🌞]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table>
<tr>
<th id="opacity">explanation</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">proximate cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>how?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[➗]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">ultimate cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>why?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[⚔️]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;"> teleological cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>which aim?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[🙌]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis & Niebert, 2018; Gropengiesser et al., 2016]
---
class: middle, top, bg_peacock
<table>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th>question</th>
<th>example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>description</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what there is</th>
<td><br>what?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🌳]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what function it has</th>
<td><br>what for?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🌞]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table>
<tr>
<th id="opacity">explanation</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">proximate cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>how?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[➗]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">ultimate cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>why?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[⚔️]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;"> teleological cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>which aim?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[🙌]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis & Niebert, 2018; Gropengiesser et al., 2016]
---
class: middle, top, bg_peacock
<table>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th>question</th>
<th>example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>description</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what there is</th>
<td><br>what?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🌳]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what function it has</th>
<td><br>what for?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🌞]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table>
<tr>
<th>explanation</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">proximate cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>how?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[➗]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">ultimate cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>why?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[⚔️]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;"> teleological cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>which aim?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[🙌]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis & Niebert, 2018; Gropengiesser et al., 2016]
---
class: middle, top, bg_peacock
<table>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th>question</th>
<th>example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>description</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what there is</th>
<td><br>what?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🌳]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what function it has</th>
<td><br>what for?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🌞]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table>
<tr>
<th>explanation</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">proximate cause</th>
<td><br>how?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[➗]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">ultimate cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>why?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[⚔️]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;"> teleological cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>which aim?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[🙌]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis & Niebert, 2018; Gropengiesser et al., 2016]
---
class: middle, top, bg_peacock
<table>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th>question</th>
<th>example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>description</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what there is</th>
<td><br>what?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🌳]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what function it has</th>
<td><br>what for?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🌞]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table>
<tr>
<th>explanation</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">proximate cause</th>
<td><br>how?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[➗]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">ultimate cause</th>
<td><br>why?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[⚔️]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="opacity" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;"> teleological cause</th>
<td id="opacity"><br>which aim?</td>
<td id="opacity"><br>
.bitlarger[🙌]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis & Niebert, 2018; Gropengiesser et al., 2016]
---
class: middle, top, bg_peacock
<table>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th>question</th>
<th>example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="under">description</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what there is</th>
<td><br>what?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🌳]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">what function it has</th>
<td><br>what for?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🌞]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table>
<tr>
<th>explanation</th>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">proximate cause</th>
<td><br>how?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[➗]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;">ultimate cause</th>
<td><br>why?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[⚔️]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 25px;"> teleological cause</th>
<td><br>which aim?</td>
<td><br>
.bitlarger[🙌]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis & Niebert, 2018; Gropengiesser et al., 2016]
---
class: middle, top, bg_bison
--
.bisontext[
<h3 style="color: white;">current function of trait to justify trait’s existence</h3>
]
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis, 2020; Trommeler & Hamman, 2020]
---
class: middle, top, bg_bison
.bisontext[
<h3 style="color: white;">current function of trait to justify trait’s existence</h3>
<h3 style="color: white;">using current function to reason about possible selective pressures influencing trait over time</h3>
]
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis, 2020; Trommeler & Hamman, 2020]
---
class: middle, top, bg_bison
.bisontext[
<h3 style="color: white;"> <i class="far fa-times-circle" style="color: red;"></i> current function of trait to justify trait’s existence</h3>
<h3 style="color: white;">using current function to reason about possible selective pressures influencing trait over time</h3>
]
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis, 2020; Trommeler & Hamman, 2020]
---
class: middle, top, bg_bison
.bisontext[
<h3 style="color: white;"> <i class="far fa-times-circle" style="color: red;"></i> current function of trait to justify trait’s existence</h3>
<h3 style="color: white;"><i class="far fa-check-circle"></i> using current function to reason about possible selective pressures influencing trait over time</h3>
]
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis, 2020; Trommeler & Hamman, 2020]
---
class: middle, top, bg_bison
.bisontext[
<h3 style="color: white;">sweating occurs because...</h3>
.white[
1. in this way, the body can eliminate excess heat<br>
2. the muslces that surround the sweat glands contract]]
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis, 2020; Trommeler & Hamman, 2020; Trommeler & Hamman, 2018]
---
class: middle, top, bg_bison
.bisontext[
<h3 style="color: white;">sweating occurs because...</h3>
.white[
1. in this way, the body can eliminate excess heat<br>(.italic[teleological])<br>
2. the muslces that surround the sweat glands contract<br>(.italic[causal])]]
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis, 2020; Trommeler & Hamman, 2020; Trommeler & Hamman, 2018]
---
class: middle, top, bg_bison
.bisontext[
<h3 style="color: white;">sweating occurs because...</h3>
.white[
1. in this way, the body can eliminate excess heat<br>(.italic[ultimate description])<br>
2. the muslces that surround the sweat glands contract<br>(.italic[proximate explanation])]]
.footnote-light[
Kampourakis, 2020; Trommeler & Hamman, 2020; Trommeler & Hamman, 2018]
---
class: center, middle
--
<img src="css/images/figs/31-coverage-tree-illustrated.png" width="80%">
.footnote-light[
Delaney & Igić, _in review_]
---
class: middle, top
<h3>why does wood exist?</h3>
---
class: middle, top
<h3>why does wood exist?</h3>
.pull-left-narrow[
<h2>proximate process</h2> <br><br><br><br><br><br>
<h2>ultimate process</h2>]
.pull-right[
<img src="css/images/img/tree-ring.png" width="55%">
<img src="css/images/img/tree.png" width="80%">]
---
class: middle, top
<h3>why does wood exist?</h3>
.pull-right[
<img src="css/images/img/tree-ring.png" width="55%">
<img src="css/images/img/tree.png" width="80%">]
---
class: middle, top
<h3>why does wood exist?</h3>
.pull-left-narrow[
<img src="css/images/img/single-tree.png" width="105%">trees exist
<img src="css/images/img/tree-sun.png" width="80%" style="opacity: 0;">]
.pull-right[
<img src="css/images/img/tree-ring.png" width="55%">
<img src="css/images/img/tree.png" width="80%">]
---
class: middle, top
<h3>why does wood exist?</h3>
.pull-left-narrow[
<img src="css/images/img/single-tree.png" width="105%">trees exist
<img src="css/images/img/tree-sun.png" width="100%">trees need light]
.pull-right[
<img src="css/images/img/tree-ring.png" width="55%">
<img src="css/images/img/tree.png" width="80%">]
---
class: middle, center
<img src="css/images/figs/11-framework.png" width="100%">
.footnote-light[
Aristotle, _Physics: Book II_; Tinbergen, 1963; Nesse, 2013]
---
class: middle, center
<img src="css/images/figs/12-framework.png" width="100%">
.footnote-light[
Aristotle, _Physics: Book II_; Tinbergen, 1963; Nesse, 2013]
---
class: center, top, bg_fish
--
<h2>why do cave fish eventually lose their eyesight?</h2>
---
class: center, top, bg_fish
<h2>why do cave fish eventually lose their eyesight?</h2>
.pull-right-wide[
<img src="css/images/figs/11-framework.png" width="87%">]
---
class: center, top, bg_fish
<h2>why do cave fish eventually lose their eyesight?</h2>
.pull-right-wide[
<img src="css/images/figs/21-fish-framework.png" width="87%">]
---
class: center, top, bg_fish
<h2>why do cave fish eventually lose their eyesight?</h2>
.pull-right-wide[
<img src="css/images/figs/22-fish-framework.png" width="87%">]
---
class: center, top, bg_fish
<h2>why do cave fish eventually lose their eyesight?</h2>
.pull-right-wide[
<img src="css/images/figs/23-fish-framework.png" width="87%">]
---
class: middle, top, bg_sting
--
<h2 style="color: mediumvioletred;">descriptions or explanations?</h2>
.footnote-light[
Riemeier, 2009]
---
class: middle, top, bg_butterfly
<img src="css/images/figs/41-framework.png" width="90%">
---
class: center, top, bg_leaves
<br>
<br>
<i class="fas fa-copy fa-2x"></i>
<i class="far fa-question-circle fa-2x"></i>
<i class="far fa-edit fa-2x"></i>
<i class="fas fa-people-arrows fa-2x"></i>
<br>
<br>
---
class: center, top, bg_leaves
<br>
<br>
<i class="fas fa-copy fa-3x"></i>
<i class="far fa-question-circle fa-2x"></i>
<i class="far fa-edit fa-2x"></i>
<i class="fas fa-people-arrows fa-2x"></i>
<br>
<br>
.leavestext[
### collated and analyzed literature]
---
class: center, top, bg_leaves
<br>
<br>
<i class="fas fa-copy fa-2x"></i>
<i class="far fa-question-circle fa-3x"></i>
<i class="far fa-edit fa-2x"></i>
<i class="fas fa-people-arrows fa-2x"></i>
<br>
<br>
.leavestext[
### guide to develop series of open-ended “why” questions]