feat: add Fin.find?, Fin.findMap? and lemmas

Batteries/Data/Fin/Basic.lean

@@ -91,3 +91,10 @@ This is the dependent version of `Fin.foldl`. -/
 @[inline] def dfoldl (n : Nat) (α : Fin (n + 1) → Type _)
     (f : ∀ (i : Fin n), α i.castSucc → α i.succ) (init : α 0) : α (last n) :=
   dfoldlM (m := Id) n α f init
+
+/--
+`find? f` returns `f i` for the first `i` for which `f i` is `some _`, or `none` if no such element
+is found. The function `f` is not evaluated on further inputs after the first `i` is found.
+-/
+def find? (f : Fin n → Option α) : Option α :=
+  foldl n (fun r i => r <|> f i) none

Batteries/Data/Fin/Lemmas.lean

@@ -13,3 +13,83 @@ attribute [norm_cast] val_last
 /-! ### clamp -/
 
 @[simp] theorem coe_clamp (n m : Nat) : (clamp n m : Nat) = min n m := rfl
+
+/-! ### Fin.find? -/
+
+@[simp] theorem find?_zero (f : Fin 0 → Option α) : find? f = none := rfl
+
+theorem find?_succ (f : Fin (n+1) → Option α) :
+    find? f = (f 0 <|> find? (f ∘ Fin.succ)) := by
+  simp only [find?, foldl_succ, Option.none_orElse, Function.comp_apply]
+  cases f 0
+  · rw [Option.none_orElse]
+  · rw [Option.some_orElse]
+    induction n with
+    | zero => rfl
+    | succ n ih =>
+      have h := ih (f ∘ Fin.succ)
+      simp only [Function.comp_apply] at h
+      rw [foldl_succ, Option.some_orElse, h]
+
+theorem exists_eq_some_of_find?_eq_some {f : Fin n → Option α} (h : find? f = some x) :
+    ∃ i, f i = some x := by
+  induction n with
+  | zero => rw [find?_zero] at h; contradiction
+  | succ n ih =>
+    rw [find?_succ] at h
+    match heq : f 0 with
+    | some x =>
+      rw [heq, Option.some_orElse] at h
+      exists 0
+      rw [heq, h]
+    | none =>
+      rw [heq, Option.none_orElse] at h
+      match ih h with | ⟨i, _⟩ => exists i.succ
+
+theorem eq_none_of_find?_eq_none {f : Fin n → Option α} (h : find? f = none) (i) : f i = none := by
+  induction n with
+  | zero => cases i; contradiction
+  | succ n ih =>
+    rw [find?_succ] at h
+    match heq : f 0 with
+    | some x =>
+      rw [heq, Option.some_orElse] at h
+      contradiction
+    | none =>
+      rw [heq, Option.none_orElse] at h
+      cases i using Fin.cases with
+      | zero => exact heq
+      | succ i => exact ih h i
+
+@[simp] theorem find?_isSome {f : Fin n → Option α} : (find? f).isSome ↔ ∃ i, (f i).isSome := by
+  simp only [Option.isSome_iff_exists]
+  constructor
+  · intro ⟨x, hx⟩
+    match exists_eq_some_of_find?_eq_some hx with
+    | ⟨i, hi⟩ => exists i, x
+  · intro ⟨i, x, hix⟩
+    match h : find? f with
+    | some x => exists x
+    | none => rw [eq_none_of_find?_eq_none h i] at hix; contradiction
+
+@[simp] theorem find?_eq_none {f : Fin n → Option α} : find? f = none ↔ ∀ i, f i = none := by
+  constructor
+  · exact eq_none_of_find?_eq_none
+  · intro hf
+    match h : find? f with
+    | none => rfl
+    | some x =>
+      match exists_eq_some_of_find?_eq_some h with
+      | ⟨i, h⟩ => rw [hf] at h; contradiction
+
+theorem find?_isNone {f : Fin n → Option α} : (find? f).isNone ↔ ∀ i, (f i).isNone := by simp
+
+theorem find?_eq_list_join_find?_ofFn_isSome {f : Fin n → Option α} :
+    find? f = ((List.ofFn f).find? Option.isSome).join := by
+  induction n with
+  | zero => rfl
+  | succ n ih =>
+    simp only [find?_succ, List.ofFn_succ, List.find?_cons]
+    match h : f 0 with
+    | some x => simp
+    | none => simp [ih, Function.comp_def]