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camp2023-57143-eng-Energy_transition_into_the_future_but_what_about_ICT_opus.vtt
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WEBVTT
00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:10.000
[MUSIC]
00:00:10.000 --> 00:00:20.000
[MUSIC]
00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:31.400
Good morning, everyone.
00:00:31.400 --> 00:00:35.600
It's so nice to see your faces on this beautiful day.
00:00:35.600 --> 00:00:40.560
I'm here to give you a message from C3,
00:00:40.560 --> 00:00:44.120
Wetterfrosch from C3 Heldesk.
00:00:44.120 --> 00:00:49.600
And we expect a very bright and sunny day with temperatures up to 31 degrees Celsius.
00:00:49.600 --> 00:00:54.240
Please drink enough, use sunscreen, search for shady places.
00:00:54.240 --> 00:01:01.000
Tonight around 11 PM, there might be some thunderstorms passing by north of Sydenyck,
00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:04.480
so there might be some rain, but this is not confirmed yet.
00:01:04.480 --> 00:01:09.840
But please take care of each other and also look out for your fellow creatures.
00:01:09.840 --> 00:01:13.080
Also, if you really like Millie Race and the Millie Race stage,
00:01:13.080 --> 00:01:18.760
you can still support the program and the volunteers providing it by buying
00:01:18.760 --> 00:01:21.800
Millie Race coins behind me, like making a donation.
00:01:21.800 --> 00:01:23.000
And they are very beautiful.
00:01:23.000 --> 00:01:25.920
You can also just look at them and maybe think about it.
00:01:29.600 --> 00:01:36.680
And now, I'm very pleased to announce our speaker today.
00:01:36.680 --> 00:01:38.040
Here is Mike.
00:01:38.040 --> 00:01:47.320
Mike is a physicist and working for the Fraunhofer IEE on sustainability topics and
00:01:47.320 --> 00:01:52.040
technology, and I'm really excited to hear what he's going to tell us about that.
00:01:52.040 --> 00:01:55.280
So hello for Mike, and please give him a warm round of applause.
00:01:55.280 --> 00:02:04.040
Yeah, thank you for the nice introduction and thanks for having me here.
00:02:04.040 --> 00:02:05.520
Thanks to the technical team.
00:02:05.520 --> 00:02:07.080
Everything seems to be working.
00:02:07.080 --> 00:02:08.320
I'm Mike.
00:02:08.320 --> 00:02:11.120
Nice to welcome all of you guys and all the online people.
00:02:11.120 --> 00:02:17.480
And I'd like to talk a little bit about energy transition, especially in Germany,
00:02:17.480 --> 00:02:22.480
since that's the part I know most about.
00:02:22.480 --> 00:02:24.280
OK, everything's fine.
00:02:24.280 --> 00:02:25.280
OK, perfect.
00:02:25.280 --> 00:02:31.880
So, and I'd like to talk about not only the energy transition, but also a bit about the ICT.
00:02:31.880 --> 00:02:37.680
I got called two days ago that people are not sure what ICT means.
00:02:37.680 --> 00:02:39.560
So, sorry for that.
00:02:39.560 --> 00:02:44.880
It means Internet Communication Technologies, which is like the scientific word for everything
00:02:44.880 --> 00:02:48.960
regarding Internet data communication and so on.
00:02:48.960 --> 00:02:58.760
But first of all, I have a short break because I'd like to tell you a little bit about my institute
00:02:58.760 --> 00:03:00.160
for which I'm working.
00:03:00.160 --> 00:03:04.360
So we're the Fraunhofer EAA, and we are located in Kassel.
00:03:04.360 --> 00:03:09.360
The first slide you could see was a picture of our new building.
00:03:09.360 --> 00:03:17.160
And as you can see, we are about 450 employees and we have an annual budget of about 30 million euros.
00:03:17.160 --> 00:03:25.160
And what we are doing is we did develop technical and economic solutions for the transformation of our energy system.
00:03:25.160 --> 00:03:31.960
So, and my institute is set up in several different research fields.
00:03:31.960 --> 00:03:33.360
You can see here.
00:03:33.360 --> 00:03:37.160
And I'm personally working in the grid planning and grid operation field.
00:03:37.160 --> 00:03:42.360
So my talk will be mainly focused about this part.
00:03:42.360 --> 00:03:49.360
So feel free and expect something about grid planning and grid operation.
00:03:49.360 --> 00:03:52.560
These are topics normally not known to people.
00:03:52.560 --> 00:03:57.360
And there's a German guy who's making jokes.
00:03:57.360 --> 00:03:58.960
Somebody of you might know him.
00:03:58.960 --> 00:04:00.560
He's called Jan Philipp Zimny.
00:04:00.560 --> 00:04:08.960
And he once said in one of his joke programs, he said, OK, what does the normal German know about electricity?
00:04:08.960 --> 00:04:15.560
Yes, it comes out of a hole in the wall and it tastes like AWA.
00:04:15.560 --> 00:04:18.160
So I'd like to change this a little bit.
00:04:18.160 --> 00:04:23.760
So then let's get started with our power grids and how do they work.
00:04:23.760 --> 00:04:28.960
So basically, I think all of you know this kind of idea behind this.
00:04:28.960 --> 00:04:35.960
We have on the left side, we have generating stations like power generators, nuclear power plants and everything.
00:04:35.960 --> 00:04:47.360
And they produce energy which gets stepped up, then transmits over large areas or large distances with high voltages.
00:04:47.360 --> 00:04:53.960
And then through a transformer near you, it gets stepped down so that you can use it or the industry can use it.
00:04:53.960 --> 00:04:57.560
So that's a basic idea behind our power grid.
00:04:57.560 --> 00:05:02.760
But it gets more complicated if you look in detail into it.
00:05:02.760 --> 00:05:07.360
For example, if you look at the distribution level, you can see the lower voltages.
00:05:07.360 --> 00:05:15.760
You're not directly connected to a power transformer, but you're connected over several lines and several other transformers.
00:05:15.760 --> 00:05:19.660
And as you can see, these grids have a different topology.
00:05:19.660 --> 00:05:28.160
We call it radially driven, which means you have your substation from where lines radially go away.
00:05:28.160 --> 00:05:32.660
So this means if the line goes out, you don't have any power anymore.
00:05:32.660 --> 00:05:34.560
So that's not cool.
00:05:34.560 --> 00:05:41.560
And therefore we do n minus 1 safety, which means we calculate, OK, what happens if one line fails?
00:05:41.560 --> 00:05:43.360
And how can we resupply everything?
00:05:43.360 --> 00:05:46.960
So the normal answer is to just double everything.
00:05:46.960 --> 00:05:57.160
So as you can see on the left side in the picture, you have like two legs coming to your distribution station and then they can switch between these two legs.
00:05:57.160 --> 00:06:08.260
This is also a nice feature because we can hand over if one leg is too overloaded, we can switch over and can use the other leg to supply your local transformer.
00:06:08.260 --> 00:06:15.260
So the nice thing is these parts are automated, but it depends on the voltage level you're looking at.
00:06:15.260 --> 00:06:22.360
So in the transmission system, which is the highest voltage we have, like 380 kV, there everything is automated.
00:06:22.360 --> 00:06:31.160
In the low voltage, where you at your home like 20 kV or 400 volts, there's not so much automated at the moment.
00:06:31.160 --> 00:06:34.360
But we're in the process of changing this.
00:06:34.360 --> 00:06:39.360
And if you take a complete view, you can see it like here.
00:06:39.360 --> 00:06:44.660
You have the generation, for example, on the left on the right side, and then you have a transmission grid.
00:06:44.660 --> 00:06:48.960
In this example, it's built up like a net.
00:06:48.960 --> 00:06:58.660
In German, it's called a Masche, which means that the energy can travel left hand and right hand to the sub transmission station, for example.
00:06:58.660 --> 00:07:06.060
And therefore you get currents which will run counterclockwise and clockwise, which makes everything a little bit complicated.
00:07:06.060 --> 00:07:11.060
And therefore everything is automated to be able to control this kind of power.
00:07:11.060 --> 00:07:20.860
And if you look in the red box in the lower left, you see that there is a distribution substation which will then step it down and distribute it further.
00:07:20.860 --> 00:07:27.560
And there you can see we don't have these Maschen anymore because there we are feeding the power readily.
00:07:27.560 --> 00:07:34.960
And therefore sometimes if we have a bad condition, this can lead to power failure.
00:07:34.960 --> 00:07:40.860
And yeah, normally in Germany, we are quite good at managing this kind of stuff.
00:07:40.860 --> 00:07:44.460
So that we have a power availability which is really, really high.
00:07:44.460 --> 00:07:49.660
Like I think we have power loss for less than five minutes a year.
00:07:49.660 --> 00:07:52.860
In other countries, this is not so good.
00:07:52.860 --> 00:07:55.760
I know it from a science project in Italy.
00:07:55.760 --> 00:08:06.660
There it was like they had their own unadulterated USB for supplying power because they have power failures of about two to three hours a year.
00:08:06.660 --> 00:08:12.060
So yeah, depends on the power grid and how everything else is.
00:08:12.060 --> 00:08:15.860
But let's take a deeper look.
00:08:15.860 --> 00:08:19.860
A substation is the part you are normally connected to.
00:08:19.860 --> 00:08:22.860
And how is such a substation built up or set up?
00:08:22.860 --> 00:08:27.860
You can see we have a source at the top and then we have several protection equipment.
00:08:27.860 --> 00:08:33.060
For example, this lightning arrestor, which is for if there's a lightning, it's over voltage.
00:08:33.060 --> 00:08:39.360
Then we have a circuit breaker, which is the same thing you know from your normal household installation.
00:08:39.360 --> 00:08:43.860
We have the possibility to isolate, which means we can simply shut it off.
00:08:43.860 --> 00:08:50.860
And we have other transformers and stuff which will lead or transform down the power to go to you.
00:08:50.860 --> 00:08:59.060
So the thing is some of these components are controlled and are remotely controllable.
00:08:59.060 --> 00:09:08.760
For example, transformers are normally these big heavy blocks which take a lot of power and transform it down.
00:09:08.760 --> 00:09:24.260
And they have or they can have a changeable tap, which means you can change how much or how much voltage they produce by changing like which winding you are using to transform the power down.
00:09:24.260 --> 00:09:27.360
And this part is in the high voltage grids.
00:09:27.360 --> 00:09:29.860
It's automated in the low voltage grids.
00:09:29.860 --> 00:09:35.960
This is normally not automated, but we are at the moment at the point to automate these things.
00:09:35.960 --> 00:09:45.160
Also, most of the time they have like a local controller which keeps track of the local voltage and changes the taps accordingly.
00:09:45.160 --> 00:09:46.460
There's one big problem.
00:09:46.460 --> 00:09:50.860
These things are really expensive and take a lot of time to build.
00:09:50.860 --> 00:09:52.960
And as you can see, I've written it here.
00:09:52.960 --> 00:09:56.760
They weigh about 20 to 50 tons.
00:09:56.760 --> 00:09:59.160
So you need like a crane to supply them.
00:09:59.160 --> 00:10:08.360
And if you go and visit a substation, you will see they always have like one spare unit standing around to in case of exchange it.
00:10:08.360 --> 00:10:13.360
So normally there you have two transformers because of n minus one safety.
00:10:13.360 --> 00:10:23.960
And these two transformers are normally calculated so that if one transformer fails, the other can take over the whole load because normally building such a transformer takes years.
00:10:23.960 --> 00:10:29.260
So if you need one now, you will have normally to wait a year or even longer.
00:10:29.260 --> 00:10:32.060
And normally they are oil insulated.
00:10:32.060 --> 00:10:33.960
So there is PCB in it.
00:10:33.960 --> 00:10:42.460
Please don't ask me what this is especially, but I know it's a very good insulator, but it's probably cancer inducing.
00:10:42.460 --> 00:10:48.860
So yeah, but somehow you need to isolate these things because of the high voltages.
00:10:48.860 --> 00:11:03.160
And I once spoken with the personal, they said normally if they change taps more often because of flashes going in through the tap changing, this is like a big cylinder you rotate and then you can change the taps.
00:11:03.160 --> 00:11:07.760
There you have flashes in it and these flashes can destroy the PCB.
00:11:07.760 --> 00:11:12.560
So they normally change these PCB oil oils quite often.
00:11:12.560 --> 00:11:17.660
And what's also funny, this oil is actively cooled and pumped around in the transformer.
00:11:17.660 --> 00:11:22.960
So you see normally like cooling equipment around it where these oil is cooled.
00:11:22.960 --> 00:11:28.860
So the other big thing we have, which is remotely controllable, are switches.
00:11:28.860 --> 00:11:33.860
These are basically what you know from your normal switch, but they are quite larger.
00:11:33.860 --> 00:11:36.260
And this is just a control box.
00:11:36.260 --> 00:11:43.360
So the switch equipment is more up and you can see in the upper right, there's like these metal rods going up.
00:11:43.360 --> 00:11:47.560
And this system works like that you can either use it by hand.
00:11:47.560 --> 00:11:57.460
So you can put in a hand crank and crank the switch on your own or you can toggle a switch and then it will switch or you can send it a command.
00:11:57.460 --> 00:12:04.660
So that when it receives the command, it will go open, it will close and we are using these switches to change topologies.
00:12:04.660 --> 00:12:08.060
For example, you can isolate buses with this.
00:12:08.060 --> 00:12:09.260
You can disconnect stuff.
00:12:09.260 --> 00:12:16.260
You can ground buses and so on, which is quite important for getting our power grid to run.
00:12:16.260 --> 00:12:20.760
So how do we control all of this?
00:12:20.760 --> 00:12:26.660
So the networks, as I've told you, is normally remotely controlled.
00:12:26.660 --> 00:12:28.760
Most of the parts even in the high voltage.
00:12:28.760 --> 00:12:30.760
So but how does this work?
00:12:30.760 --> 00:12:33.260
And now it gets complicated.
00:12:33.260 --> 00:12:38.060
At the moment, most of the systems are using a skater.
00:12:38.060 --> 00:12:46.860
And most of them or many of them are using the IEC 6087-5 standard.
00:12:46.860 --> 00:12:48.960
And this is a quite old standard.
00:12:48.960 --> 00:12:58.360
As I've written here, it's from the 90s and it's basically a serial connection which has data transfer rates of up to 9k6.
00:12:58.360 --> 00:13:04.260
So we're basically running our whole energy infrastructure with a serial cable.
00:13:04.260 --> 00:13:10.060
So and they've changed this because they needed more power and more data communication speed.
00:13:10.060 --> 00:13:17.460
So they defined the 103 standard extension, which allows for even more faster speeds.
00:13:17.460 --> 00:13:26.860
And then the 104 standard is the one which is at the moment widely used because it allows to transport these serial data via TCP/IP.
00:13:26.860 --> 00:13:29.560
So and how does such a packet look?
00:13:29.560 --> 00:13:30.460
I've shown it here.
00:13:30.460 --> 00:13:35.760
If you're interested, Wikipedia has a really good write up about this, how this in detail works.
00:13:35.760 --> 00:13:40.760
But basically you have two kinds of ideas, IDs or addresses.
00:13:40.760 --> 00:13:45.160
So you have a unit identifier and you have an information object.
00:13:45.160 --> 00:13:54.160
So you can say, OK, my switch, for example, has an address and it has several sub addresses or identifiers where you can ask, OK, are you open?
00:13:54.160 --> 00:13:55.460
Are you closed?
00:13:55.460 --> 00:13:56.760
Are you healthy?
00:13:56.760 --> 00:13:58.760
Depending on the equipment installed.
00:13:58.760 --> 00:14:04.760
So and if you've seen on the slide beforehand, the system is just doubled.
00:14:04.760 --> 00:14:07.560
Everything you have in the power grid is just doubled.
00:14:07.560 --> 00:14:16.260
Even the racks, everything is simply doubled and all the systems are built so that they are able to digest all messages two times.
00:14:16.260 --> 00:14:21.660
So even the switch has two contactors, which are completely physically separated.
00:14:21.660 --> 00:14:28.860
And if one contactor doesn't work and the other one works, you still have a failover in this moment.
00:14:28.860 --> 00:14:42.360
So and as you can see, here are some commands defined and these types got also enhanced with the 103 standard for even more or for even better able to do energy related stuff.
00:14:42.360 --> 00:14:46.760
And now comes the 104 standard, which is the one we are using at the moment.
00:14:46.760 --> 00:14:55.660
And I liked the quote from Wikipedia, which said the security of 104 by design has proven to be problematic.
00:14:55.660 --> 00:15:07.660
So the IEC published a security standard, which is not that well adopted at the moment by most of the network operators.
00:15:07.660 --> 00:15:11.560
So what many of them do is the following.
00:15:11.560 --> 00:15:13.160
They just use a VPN.
00:15:13.160 --> 00:15:23.660
So you have these boxes and I think many of you guys know what these boxes do or that these boxes are interesting on a security standpoint.
00:15:23.660 --> 00:15:37.260
And they transfer the communication via VPN tunnel to the light water to the control center where everything gets then controlled and directed and decided.
00:15:37.260 --> 00:15:48.160
So and what recently happened was an attack, so to say, on the satellite system of the network.
00:15:48.160 --> 00:15:55.460
And it seems to be that this was not a direct attack on the German energy infrastructure,
00:15:55.460 --> 00:16:01.160
but more or less because the satellite also runs U.S. military communication.
00:16:01.160 --> 00:16:07.160
The problem was somehow the attackers were able to take down the communication to the satellite,
00:16:07.160 --> 00:16:16.860
which also was used by wind turbines and meant that the Euroskypark system wasn't able to be reached.
00:16:16.860 --> 00:16:18.760
And then the following happened.
00:16:18.760 --> 00:16:25.660
Eleven gigawatts, which is quite a lot of power of German wind turbines, weren't controllable anymore.
00:16:25.660 --> 00:16:29.860
So they were just running and nobody knew the state of these things.
00:16:29.860 --> 00:16:35.160
It was about 5,800 wind turbines which couldn't be reached anymore.
00:16:35.160 --> 00:16:38.660
So sounds quite devastating.
00:16:38.660 --> 00:16:45.660
But let me tell you, since we know in the energy system that we need to build everything N minus one safety.
00:16:45.660 --> 00:16:54.160
So these have local controllers, but these local controllers are basically able to sustain a basic kind of operation.
00:16:54.160 --> 00:17:02.360
And as you will see, not being able to control your wind turbines can lead to bigger problems.
00:17:02.360 --> 00:17:07.160
So why has this happened?
00:17:07.160 --> 00:17:11.660
The problem is most of the time wind turbines are put in remote locations.
00:17:11.660 --> 00:17:17.760
And basically you have three kinds of ways to communicate with your wind turbines.
00:17:17.760 --> 00:17:24.760
The first one is you just dig a cable and throw a fiber optic cable to the wind turbine or to the wind park.
00:17:24.760 --> 00:17:26.560
And then you can control everything.
00:17:26.560 --> 00:17:36.860
The other version is you have like a mobile connection like normal GSM LTE or directed radio systems.
00:17:36.860 --> 00:17:39.360
And the last option is you use satellite.
00:17:39.360 --> 00:17:45.360
And satellite is like the fallback solution, which always works because satellites.
00:17:45.360 --> 00:17:50.160
And normally you send commands to these stations not that often.
00:17:50.160 --> 00:17:55.760
So that even like clouds or stuff like this is not that big of a deal.
00:17:55.760 --> 00:18:03.060
But if you have satellites and the satellite communication breaks down because of other reasons, yeah, you get a problem.
00:18:03.060 --> 00:18:06.260
So let's head on.
00:18:06.260 --> 00:18:09.160
What I'm doing is a power flow calculations.
00:18:09.160 --> 00:18:19.260
And this is the part where I want to make a little bit advertisement for a software we are building and we are maintaining.
00:18:19.260 --> 00:18:21.360
And it's called Panda Power.
00:18:21.360 --> 00:18:29.760
So this is a name derived from the fact that we are using pandas, Python, and we are doing power calculations.
00:18:29.760 --> 00:18:33.360
And therefore it's clear for us that we call it Panda Power.
00:18:33.360 --> 00:18:44.460
And if you are interested in learning about how to do power calculations and power flow calculations and want to fiddle around a little bit with the power grid, please go to pandapower.org.
00:18:44.460 --> 00:18:50.060
We are always welcoming pull requests for new features and new stuff.
00:18:50.060 --> 00:18:55.760
And then we have also a sister program, which I don't show today because I want to talk about the power grid.
00:18:55.760 --> 00:19:09.060
But also we have also Panda Pipes, which is also open source about calculating flows in pipes so that you are able to simulate water, heat, gas and stuff like this.
00:19:09.060 --> 00:19:13.260
So these are our two big open source softwares.
00:19:13.260 --> 00:19:21.060
And as you can see, this is developed by us and the University of Kassel, especially the E2N department.
00:19:21.060 --> 00:19:24.360
This does power flow calculations in Python.
00:19:24.360 --> 00:19:36.560
And what a really nice thing is that the Bundesnetz Agentur is using this, our tool, to do the Netz Entwicklungsplan, the development plan for the grid from Germany.
00:19:36.560 --> 00:19:39.660
And they're using our software as a standard to do this.
00:19:39.660 --> 00:19:43.760
So this was quite a big moment for us and we liked it a lot.
00:19:43.760 --> 00:19:46.660
And how does power flow calculation work?
00:19:46.660 --> 00:19:49.160
So don't fear the mathematics on the left side.
00:19:49.160 --> 00:19:51.560
I won't go too much into detail.
00:19:51.560 --> 00:19:58.260
But the basic idea is that the power you inject in a bus needs to be the power that you take out.
00:19:58.260 --> 00:20:00.460
And now you have the Kirchhoff rules.
00:20:00.460 --> 00:20:04.660
Maybe some of you know this from the physics class in your school.
00:20:04.660 --> 00:20:08.860
And it basically says the energy coming in is the energy you take out.
00:20:08.860 --> 00:20:14.160
And if you do more fancy math around it, you can do power flow calculations with it.
00:20:14.160 --> 00:20:21.160
And on the right side, I have a simple version of a grid we've seen earlier with all of the equipment around.
00:20:21.160 --> 00:20:24.860
And you can see we have a grid connection normally, like to a higher voltage level.
00:20:24.860 --> 00:20:26.360
Then we have a transformer.
00:20:26.360 --> 00:20:28.560
And at the bottom, there's a load.
00:20:28.560 --> 00:20:34.360
So what we can do now is we can say to the system, "Okay, this is our grid setup.
00:20:34.360 --> 00:20:36.760
Please do a power flow calculation.
00:20:36.760 --> 00:20:40.160
And if you do this, you will get this kind of result."
00:20:40.160 --> 00:20:43.260
So like I said, it uses pandas under the HUD.
00:20:43.260 --> 00:20:52.460
And the problem is for you guys, probably not, but the normal grid operators don't like fancy tables.
00:20:52.460 --> 00:20:57.060
They want to have something they can look at and not just columns of numbers.
00:20:57.060 --> 00:21:02.660
But our tool normally spits out color columns of numbers, as you can see here.
00:21:02.660 --> 00:21:10.860
You get result tables where you can see the voltages and the powers and the line loadings for every component in your grid model.
00:21:10.860 --> 00:21:18.660
And when your net gets larger, so this is like the case for three buses and one load, so it's quite easy.
00:21:18.660 --> 00:21:23.560
But if your net gets larger, it's getting quite complicated to understand what's happening there.
00:21:23.560 --> 00:21:34.260
Therefore, we wrote some kind of visualization which is able to take geographical data to show what's happening in the grid.
00:21:34.260 --> 00:21:37.960
And this you can see here.
00:21:37.960 --> 00:21:44.360
Basically, if you have geodata, you can attach it to your power grid model and then you can run the power flow simulation.
00:21:44.360 --> 00:21:47.260
And then you get a graphics like this.
00:21:47.260 --> 00:21:49.760
Here you can see lines and dots.
00:21:49.760 --> 00:21:54.660
These dots are the buses, substations, as I've shown earlier.
00:21:54.660 --> 00:21:58.060
And the lines are the connecting power lines.
00:21:58.060 --> 00:22:02.060
And the colors will tell you what's up about this.
00:22:02.060 --> 00:22:05.860
So red means overloaded for the lines.
00:22:05.860 --> 00:22:10.760
And for the buses, you have like a per unit voltage level.
00:22:10.760 --> 00:22:16.460
So this means you have multiple factors in your power network.
00:22:16.460 --> 00:22:21.760
On the one hand, you have the power lines which shouldn't get too much current.
00:22:21.760 --> 00:22:24.860
If they get too much current, they tend to get hot.
00:22:24.860 --> 00:22:29.860
And if they get hot, they will get longer and longer and they will start to sag.
00:22:29.860 --> 00:22:33.560
And if they touch anything, you have a big problem.
00:22:33.560 --> 00:22:37.060
So this is mainly the part you want to keep track of.
00:22:37.060 --> 00:22:41.760
And on the other hand, you have your buses and you need to monitor the voltage on the buses.
00:22:41.760 --> 00:22:47.960
Maybe you've seen this on your power supplies for your computer nets, for your laptops and so on.
00:22:47.960 --> 00:22:55.160
And there's normally written a voltage range on it, like 200 volts until 240 or 250 volts.
00:22:55.160 --> 00:23:01.760
There are also the modern power supplies which can handle 100 volts or 90 volts to 260 volts.
00:23:01.760 --> 00:23:03.960
This is basically what you see here.
00:23:03.960 --> 00:23:11.560
Normally, we give the voltage in a PU per unit measure, which means we normalize it to the voltage level of the bus.
00:23:11.560 --> 00:23:16.860
So if we have a 20 kV bus, then one PU means 20 kV.
00:23:16.860 --> 00:23:24.160
So it is defined to diverge about 10 percent, so plus 5 and minus 5 percent.
00:23:24.160 --> 00:23:27.560
I know it's a bit complicated, but you can see this on the right scale.
00:23:27.560 --> 00:23:35.460
The right color map is for the bus voltages. And as you can see in this example, all the buses are blue,
00:23:35.460 --> 00:23:43.160
which means that they are in a good state and are not overloaded, except for in the upper left corner of this example.
00:23:43.160 --> 00:23:50.960
So if you want to try this, this is the MV Oberrein network, which is included in Panda Power for playing around, basically.
00:23:50.960 --> 00:23:53.560
And you can see there are some lines which are red.
00:23:53.560 --> 00:23:58.760
Red means bad, so this is normally the part where we need to do something.
00:23:58.760 --> 00:24:07.960
And how do you derive normally such kind of geodata if it's not provided?
00:24:07.960 --> 00:24:14.960
Therefore, we've written a plug-in for this, which you can see here, which is a QGIS plug-in,
00:24:14.960 --> 00:24:19.560
which allows you to import and export Panda Power networks into QGIS,
00:24:19.560 --> 00:24:26.560
and where you can use QGIS to draw basically buses and lines based on OSM data.
00:24:26.560 --> 00:24:33.360
And therefore, we are at the next point. The problem is how do we get such grid models?
00:24:33.360 --> 00:24:37.560
Not always are we getting the grid models from grid operators,
00:24:37.560 --> 00:24:45.360
because to be honest, much of our grid isn't digitalized at the moment.
00:24:45.360 --> 00:24:54.160
So yeah, the biggest grid architectures you can get, but if you go deeper and deeper and deeper in the distribution levels,
00:24:54.160 --> 00:24:57.360
sometimes you only have paper plans.
00:24:57.360 --> 00:25:04.760
And these paper plans are written by people who are very good at doing electrical stuff,
00:25:04.760 --> 00:25:06.360
but they don't have geodata.
00:25:06.360 --> 00:25:11.960
So you have an electrical circuit plan before you, and you don't know where these lines are.
00:25:11.960 --> 00:25:17.960
And you're basically sitting there and trying to get everything somehow mixed together.
00:25:17.960 --> 00:25:22.360
And not always in all projects we are working together with grid operators,
00:25:22.360 --> 00:25:29.160
so we needed some other ways to figure out how to derive such grid data.
00:25:29.160 --> 00:25:32.960
And I think this is an interesting part, that's why I'm talking a little bit about it.
00:25:32.960 --> 00:25:39.160
How can we derive grid data from open source data, data sources?
00:25:39.160 --> 00:25:43.960
So the first point, as always, is the open street map.
00:25:43.960 --> 00:25:46.560
And as you can see here, this is Flosim.
00:25:46.560 --> 00:25:53.160
This is like an overlay for open street map, but basically it uses parts from open street map,
00:25:53.160 --> 00:25:57.760
like for example the locations of the lines and where the lines are running.
00:25:57.760 --> 00:26:01.160
And here you can see an example from Schleswig-Holstein.
00:26:01.160 --> 00:26:04.160
You can see Sylt in the upper left corner.
00:26:04.160 --> 00:26:09.760
And you can see all of the power lines and you can see the generation units drawn in here.
00:26:09.760 --> 00:26:14.560
And this you can just query via an API.
00:26:14.560 --> 00:26:19.560
I've made once the thing that I looked deeply into it,
00:26:19.560 --> 00:26:27.160
and most of the stuff in Schleswig-Holstein was entered into OSM by a guy called Bahnpirat.
00:26:27.160 --> 00:26:36.160
And I'm eager to meet him because he has done so much for this data acquisition.
00:26:36.160 --> 00:26:40.360
And I'm so thankful because we can make science projects in Schleswig-Holstein
00:26:40.360 --> 00:26:45.760
because he is, I don't know, running around and putting in like the power lines.
00:26:45.760 --> 00:26:49.760
So I'm very eager to get to know him.
00:26:49.760 --> 00:26:52.160
Maybe you guys can drop him a note.
00:26:52.160 --> 00:26:56.160
I don't know, I'd like to talk to him.
00:26:56.160 --> 00:26:57.760
But this is only the grid.
00:26:57.760 --> 00:27:00.560
Now you can derive some kind of grid architecture.
00:27:00.560 --> 00:27:04.360
You know where the power plants are, you know where the lines are and where the buses are.
00:27:04.360 --> 00:27:09.760
You can put this into Panda Power, but then you're missing generation data.
00:27:09.760 --> 00:27:10.960
And this is the next point.
00:27:10.960 --> 00:27:13.360
Here you can see a Renewables.Ninja.
00:27:13.360 --> 00:27:16.960
This is also an open source project or open source system
00:27:16.960 --> 00:27:22.560
where you can just select a region on the world and can download the generation data.
00:27:22.560 --> 00:27:24.960
And these are based on satellite data.
00:27:24.960 --> 00:27:31.960
I've written it here, the NASA MIRRA reanalysis and the CMSAFS-SARA data set.
00:27:31.960 --> 00:27:36.960
The nice thing is you get this as power schedule.
00:27:36.960 --> 00:27:40.960
So you can just take this and plug it directly into Panda Power
00:27:40.960 --> 00:27:44.360
and then you know how much Renewables you are generating.
00:27:44.360 --> 00:27:45.960
Quite fun.
00:27:45.960 --> 00:27:50.160
Now we don't not only need the generation, we also need the consumption.
00:27:50.160 --> 00:27:52.960
And consumption is a bit more complicated
00:27:52.960 --> 00:27:57.560
because this data is normally not available.
00:27:57.560 --> 00:28:06.960
But there are many open source projects which has done lots of research in the field of power consumption.
00:28:06.960 --> 00:28:12.160
So you get, for example, standard load profiles, you get synthetic load profiles,
00:28:12.160 --> 00:28:14.360
you get also measured profiles.
00:28:14.360 --> 00:28:17.760
And as I've shown here, the Open Energy Platform,
00:28:17.760 --> 00:28:21.560
there are many different versions of these Open Energy Platforms
00:28:21.560 --> 00:28:25.360
where you can download data sets from different projects
00:28:25.360 --> 00:28:28.360
which will show you how the consumption is, for example,
00:28:28.360 --> 00:28:34.560
for an industrial load or for an electrical vehicle or you name it, you will find something.
00:28:34.560 --> 00:28:39.560
So if you plug everything together, for example, for the Schleswig-Holstein area,
00:28:39.560 --> 00:28:41.760
you get something comparable to this.
00:28:41.760 --> 00:28:46.160
As you can see, Schleswig-Holstein with all of its lines and nodes.
00:28:46.160 --> 00:28:50.560
And this is the EHV, so the high voltage transmission lines
00:28:50.560 --> 00:28:56.360
and also the distribution crits at the 110 kV.
00:28:56.360 --> 00:29:04.560
And this is about 600 nodes, so 600 substations with about 500 flex providers,
00:29:04.560 --> 00:29:12.360
which is like the over category for wind parks, power to X, batteries, electrolyzers, and so on and so on.
00:29:12.360 --> 00:29:15.560
This is what I'm showing here coming from an old project we've done.
00:29:15.560 --> 00:29:21.560
It's called the NAV 4.0, which was the idea to look into the Schleswig-Holstein
00:29:21.560 --> 00:29:27.760
and find a path for the future how we can use more of the wind power in Schleswig-Holstein.
00:29:27.760 --> 00:29:31.560
And this is the key point for the next minutes of my talk,
00:29:31.560 --> 00:29:36.360
because if we look into the installed power in Schleswig-Holstein,
00:29:36.360 --> 00:29:40.760
you can see here it's a quite complicated graph, which is from a colleague of mine.
00:29:40.760 --> 00:29:43.760
We have the interesting bubble is in the lower left,