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<h1 class="title toc-ignore">Statistics Notebook</h1>
</div>
<!-- You can delete the following copyright statement if you wish: -->
<div style="color:gray;">
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<p>This page, and all pages of this notebook, are meant to be customized
to become a useful <em>Guide to Statistical Analysis</em> in R for your
<em>current</em> and <em>future</em> self.</p>
<div style="font-size:.8em;">
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<p>To begin customizing, <a
href="https://github.com/saundersg/Statistics-Notebook">download</a>
your own copy of the book <span style="font-size:.8em;">(if you haven’t
already)</span>. Please note the <a
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License</a> when downloading. You are free to delete this commentary in
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<div id="table-of-contents" class="section level2">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
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<h2 class="tabset tabset-fade"></h2>
<div id="hide" class="section level3">
<h3>Hide</h3>
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<div id="show-notes" class="section level3">
<h3>Show Notes</h3>
<!-- This is a great place to add general notes, then "Knit" the file to have your notes show up in your Statistics-Notebook. --------------- -->
<p>Wow! I typed some words. Some <span style="color:blue;">blue
words</span>, some <span style="background-color:yellow;">highlighted
words</span>, some <span style="font-size:2em;">big words</span>.</p>
<p>Make a link to a meaningful page of the Statistics-Notebook: <a
href="RMarkdownHints.html">Customization Help</a> <- Read through
this page!</p>
<p>Or to a page on the internet: <a
href="http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~tzheng/files/Rcolor.pdf">R
Colors</a></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">mean</span>(airquality<span class="sc">$</span>Temp)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>## [1] 77.88235</code></pre>
<!-- End your notes before here. ------------------------------------- -->
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</div>
<div id="section-1" class="section level2">
<h2></h2>
<hr />
<div class="tooltipimage" style="float:left;width:125px;"
align="center">
<p><img src="Images/QuantY.png" width=35px;> <span
class="tooltipimagetext">Y is a single quantitative variable of
interest. This would be like “heights” of BYU-Idaho students.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="one-quantitative-response-variable-y"
class="section level2 tabset tabset-pills">
<h2 class="tabset tabset-pills">One Quantitative Response Variable
Y</h2>
<div id="graphics" class="section level3">
<h3>Graphics</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
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<p>Add your own notes about graphics to use for this type of data
here.</p>
<p><a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#histogram">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/histogram.png" alt="Histogram" title="Histogram">
</a> <a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#dot-plots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/dotplotsingle.png" alt="Dot Plot" title="Dot Plot">
</a> <a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#boxplots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/boxplotsingle.png" alt="Boxplot" title="Boxplot">
</a></p>
<!--- End your notes before here. ------------------>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tests" class="section level3">
<h3>Tests</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
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<p>Add your own notes about appropriate inferential procedures for this
type of data here.</p>
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</div>
</div>
<div id="section-2" class="section level1">
<h1></h1>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
<hr />
<div class="tooltipimage" style="float:left;width:125px;"
align="center">
<p><img src="Images/QuantYQualXg2.png" width=59px;> <span
class="tooltipimagetext">Y is a single quantitative variable of
interest. This would be like “heights” of BYU-Idaho students. X is a
qualitative (categorical) variable of interest like “gender” that has
just two groups “A” and “B”. So this logo represents situtations where
we would want to compare heights of male (group A) and female (group B)
students.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="quantitative-y-categorical-x-2-groups"
class="section level2 tabset tabset-pills">
<h2 class="tabset tabset-pills">Quantitative Y | Categorical X (2
Groups)</h2>
<div id="graphics-1" class="section level3">
<h3>Graphics</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
<!-- Add your customizations in the area below: -->
<p>Add your own notes about graphics to use for this type of data
here.</p>
<p><a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#boxplots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/boxplot.png" alt="Side-by-side Boxplots" title="Side-by-side Boxplots">
</a> <a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#dot-plots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/dotplotdouble.png" alt="Dot Plot" title="Side-by-side Dot Plots">
</a></p>
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</div>
<div id="tests-1" class="section level3">
<h3>Tests</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="section-3" class="section level2">
<h2></h2>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
<hr />
<div class="tooltipimage" style="float:left;width:125px;"
align="center">
<p><img src="Images/QuantYQualXg3plus.png" width=59px;> <span
class="tooltipimagetext">Y is a single quantitative variable of
interest, like “heights” of BYU-Idaho students. X is a categorical
(qualitative) variable like which Math 221 you took, 221A, 221B, or
221C. In other words, X has three or more groups. So “Classrank” could
be X, with groups “Freshman”, “Sophomore”, “Junior”, and
“Senior”.</span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="quantitative-y-categorical-x-3-groups"
class="section level2 tabset tabset-pills">
<h2 class="tabset tabset-pills">Quantitative Y | Categorical X (3+
Groups)</h2>
<div id="graphics-2" class="section level3">
<h3>Graphics</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
<!-- Add your customizations in the area below: -->
<p>Add your own notes about graphics to use for this type of data
here.</p>
<p><a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#boxplots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/boxplotthree.png" alt="Side-by-side Boxplots" title="Side-by-side Boxplots 3+ Groups">
</a> <a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#dot-plots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/dotplottriple.png" alt="Side-by-side Dot Plots" title="Side-by-side Dot Plots 3+ Groups">
</a></p>
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</div>
</div>
<div id="tests-2" class="section level3">
<h3>Tests</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
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<p>Add your own notes about appropriate inferential procedures for this
type of data here.</p>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="section-4" class="section level1">
<h1></h1>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
<hr />
<div class="tooltipimage" style="float:left;width:125px;"
align="center">
<p><img src="Images/QuantYMultQualX.png" width=80px;> <span
class="tooltipimagetext">Y is a single quantitative variable of
interest, like “heights” of BYU-Idaho students. X1 is a categorical
(qualitative) variable like gender, with levels “boy” and “girl.” X2 is
another categorical (qualitative) variable like “Classrank” with levels
“Freshman”, “Sophomore”, and “Junior”. Of course, both X1 and X2 can
have as many levels as you want to work with, but must have at least two
levels each.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="quantitative-y-multiple-categorical-x"
class="section level2 tabset tabset-pills">
<h2 class="tabset tabset-pills">Quantitative Y | Multiple Categorical
X</h2>
<div id="graphics-3" class="section level3">
<h3>Graphics</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
<!-- Add your customizations in the area below: -->
<p>Add your own notes about graphics to use for this type of data
here.</p>
<p><a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#boxplots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/boxplotthree.png" alt="Side-by-side Boxplots" title="Side-by-side Boxplots 3+ Groups">
</a> <a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#dot-plots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/dotplottriple.png" alt="Side-by-side Dot Plots" title="Side-by-side Dot Plots 3+ Groups">
</a></p>
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<div id="tests-3" class="section level3">
<h3>Tests</h3>
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</div>
</div>
<div id="section-5" class="section level1">
<h1></h1>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
<hr />
<div class="tooltipimage" style="float:left;width:125px;"
align="center">
<p><img src="Images/QuantYQuantX.png" width=59px;> <span
class="tooltipimagetext">Y is a single quantitative variable of
interest, like “height”. X is another single quantitative variable of
interest, like “shoe-size”. This would imply we are using “shoe-size”
(X) to explain “height” (Y).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="quantitative-y-quantitative-x"
class="section level2 tabset tabset-pills">
<h2 class="tabset tabset-pills">Quantitative Y | Quantitative X</h2>
<div id="graphics-4" class="section level3">
<h3>Graphics</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
<!-- Add your customizations in the area below: -->
<p>Add your own notes about graphics to use for this type of data
here.</p>
<p><a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#scatterplots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/scatterplot.png" alt="Scatterplot" title="Scatterplot">
</a></p>
<!--- End of Add content area. ------------------>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tests-4" class="section level3">
<h3>Tests</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
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type of data here.</p>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="section-6" class="section level1">
<h1></h1>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
<hr />
<div class="tooltipimage" style="float:left;width:125px;"
align="center">
<p><img src="Images/QuantYMultX.png" width=100px;> <span
class="tooltipimagetext">Y is a single quantitative variable of
interest, like height. While we could use an X1 of “shoe-size” to
explain height, we might also want to use a second x-variable, X2, like
“gender” to help explain height. Further x-variables could also be
used.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="quantitative-y-multiple-x"
class="section level2 tabset tabset-pills">
<h2 class="tabset tabset-pills">Quantitative Y | Multiple X</h2>
<div id="graphics-5" class="section level3">
<h3>Graphics</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
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<p>Add your own notes about graphics to use for this type of data
here.</p>
<p><a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#scatterplots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/scatterplotmany.png" alt="Scatterplot" title="Scatterplot with Color and Sizing">
</a></p>
<!--- End of Add content area. ------------------>
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</div>
<div id="tests-5" class="section level3">
<h3>Tests</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
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type of data here.</p>
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</div>
</div>
<div id="section-7" class="section level1">
<h1></h1>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
<hr />
<div class="tooltipimage" style="float:left;width:125px;"
align="center">
<p><img src="Images/BinomYQuantX.png" width=59px;> <span
class="tooltipimagetext">Y is a single categorical (qualitative)
variable of interest where 1 (success) or 0 (failure) are the only
possible values for Y. This would be like “getting an A in Math 325”
where 1 means you got an A and 0 means you didn’t. We might use an
explanatory variable X of “height” to see if taller students are more
likely to get an A in Math 325 than shorter students. (They aren’t, if
you were wondering.)</span></p>
</div>
<div id="binomial-y-quantitative-x"
class="section level2 tabset tabset-pills">
<h2 class="tabset tabset-pills">Binomial Y | Quantitative X</h2>
<div id="graphics-6" class="section level3">
<h3>Graphics</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
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<p>Add your own notes about graphics to use for this type of data
here.</p>
<p><a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#scatterplots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/scatterplotbinomY.png" alt="Scatterplot with Binomial Y" title="Scatterplot with Binomial Y">
</a></p>
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<div id="tests-6" class="section level3">
<h3>Tests</h3>
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</div>
<div id="section-8" class="section level1">
<h1></h1>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
<hr />
<div class="tooltipimage" style="float:left;width:125px;"
align="center">
<p><img src="Images/BinomYMultX.png" width=100px;> <span
class="tooltipimagetext">Y is a single categorical (qualitative)
variable of interest where 1 (success) or 0 (failure) are the only
possible values for Y. This would be like “getting an A in Math 325”
where 1 means you got an A and 0 means you didn’t. We might use an
explanatory variable X1 of “height” and a second explanatory variable X2
of “gender” to try to predict whether or not a student will get an A in
Math 325.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="binomial-y-multiple-x"
class="section level2 tabset tabset-pills">
<h2 class="tabset tabset-pills">Binomial Y | Multiple X</h2>
<div id="graphics-7" class="section level3">
<h3>Graphics</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
<!-- Add your customizations in the area below: -->
<p>Add your own notes about graphics to use for this type of data
here.</p>
<p><a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#scatterplots">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/scatterplotbinomYmult.png" alt="Scatterplot with Binomial Y" title="Scatterplot with Binomial Y, including coloring and shading">
</a></p>
<!--- End of Add content area. ------------------>
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</div>
<div id="tests-7" class="section level3">
<h3>Tests</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
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<p>Add your own notes about appropriate inferential procedures for this
type of data here.</p>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="section-9" class="section level1">
<h1></h1>
<div style="clear:both;">
</div>
<hr />
<div class="tooltipimage" style="float:left;width:125px;"
align="center">
<p><img src="Images/QualYQualX.png" width=59px;> <span
class="tooltipimagetext">Y is a single categorical variable of interest,
like gender. X is another categorical variable of interest, like “hair
color”. This type of data would help us understand if men or women are
more likely to have certain hair colors than the other
gender.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="categorical-y-categorical-x"
class="section level2 tabset tabset-pills">
<h2 class="tabset tabset-pills">Categorical Y | Categorical X</h2>
<div id="graphics-8" class="section level3">
<h3>Graphics</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
<!-- Add your customizations in the area below: -->
<p>Add your own notes about graphics to use for this type of data
here.</p>
<p><a href="GraphicalSummaries.html#bar-charts">
<img class="myhover" src="Images/barplot.png" alt="Bar Chart" title="Bar Chart">
</a></p>
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<div id="tests-8" class="section level3">
<h3>Tests</h3>
<div style="padding-left:125px;color:lightgray;">
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<p>Add your own notes about appropriate inferential procedures for this
type of data here.</p>
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