Research was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Program, Hybrid Electric Systems activity, under contract DE-AC05- 00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. The support of the CAEBAT (Computer Aided Engineering for Batteries) program with Brian Cunningham and David Howell as the managers is acknowledged. The support of the ORNL Sustainable Transportation program office (Ron Graves and Claus Daniels) is also acknowledged along with contributions from Damien Lebrun-Grandie, Abhishek Kumar, Jagjit Nanda, Hsin Wang, and Nancy Dudney.