metallurgy_Pb-Ag.qmd

---
title: Lead/Silver smelting
author: 
  - name: xxx
    corresponding: true
    orcid: 0000-0001-2345-6789
    email: a@b.c
  - name: xxx
    orcid: 0000-0001-2345-6789
---

::: {.callout-caution title="In preparation"}
This chapter is in preparation. You are welcome to contribute!  
If you are interested to contribute, please get in contact with Thomas Rose, the editor of this interactive textbook, by [mail](mailto:thomas.rose@bergbaumuseum.de?subject=LIA%20textbook) or on [GitHub](https://github.com/archmetalDBM/GlobaLID-Edu). 
:::

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## Learning objective
In this unit you will learn about lead smelting process and cupellation process.

## Prior knowledge
... building upon what you already know ...

* general metallurgical process

## Material
... by doing these things: 

Expert interview (?)
summary slide of general process

## Learning content

* cupellation

## Self check
Now you can provide answers to the following questions: 

* ... 

## Further reading
To delve deeper into this topic, we recommend the following resources... 

* Rehren, Th., 1996, Alchemy and Fire Assay – An Analytical Approach., Historical Metallurgy, 30, 136–42.
* Baron, S., Le-Carlier, C., Carignan, J., and Ploquin, A., 2009, Archaeological reconstruction of medieval lead production: Implications for ancient metal provenance studies and paleopollution tracing by Pb isotopes, Applied Geochemistry, 24(11), 2093–101.
* Nriagu, J. O., 1985, Cupellation: The oldest quantitative chemical process, Journal of Chemical Education, 62(8), 668.
* Swinbourne, D., Yan, S., Hoang, G., and Higgins, D., 2003, Thermodynamic modelling of cupellation: activity of AgO0· 5 in molten PbO at 1000ºC, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 112(2), 69–74.
* Merkel, S. W., 2021, Evidence for the widespread use of dry silver ore in the early Islamic period and its implications for the history of silver metallurgy, Journal of Archaeological Science, 135, 105478.

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