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universe.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Alexander Mead | Universe</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/reset.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/main.css" />
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="scripts/script.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="scripts/menu.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="scripts/nbody.js"></script>
<!-- Mathjax with GitHub pages: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34347818/using-mathjax-on-a-github-page -->
<script
type="text/javascript"
id="MathJax-script"
async
src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"
></script>
<script>
MathJax = { tex: { inlineMath: [["$", "$"]] } };
</script>
<!--[if IE]>
<script src="//html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
<div class="page-wrapper">
<div class="nav-container clearfix" id="nav-home">
<div class="nav-logo">
<p class="logo"><a href="index.html">AM</a></p>
</div>
<nav class="nav-menu">
<ul>
<li><a href="index.html#about">About</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#publications">Publications</a></li>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/alexander-mead/HMcode">HMcode</a>
</li>
<li><a href="orbits.html">Orbits</a></li>
<li><a href="gravity.html">Gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="maths.html">Maths</a></li>
<li><a href="mandelplot.html">Mandelplot</a></li>
<li><a href="#" class="selected">Universe</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#contact">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="intro">
<h3>Universe generator</h3>
</div>
<div class="subpage-wrapper">
<div class="content-wrapper clearfix">
<div class="subpage-left">
<p>
This tool uses an emulator built using
<a href="https://github.com/digiLab-ai/twinLab-Interface"
>twinLab</a
>
and trained on
<a href="https://github.com/alexander-mead/HMcode">HMcode</a>
predictions, which is then combined with a log-normal field model
to produce realisations of the matter distribution in the
Universe. This is a quick method for generating mock universes,
which would otherwise require expensive $N$-body simulations to
create. Areas of higher matter density are shown with brighter
colours. The region of the Universe shown is 500 megaparsecs
across and one megaparsec deep, which would contain approximately
250,000 galaxies and would take light more than 1.5 billion years
to cross. Galaxies are clustered into huge superclusters, which
are joined by filaments and separated by voids.
</p>
<p>
You can change the density of both dark and normal (baryonic)
matter, the Hubble parameter, the primordial inflationary spectral
index, and the dark-energy equation-of-state. The other default
values (including the amplitude of the primordial spectrum) are
the best-fitting values from the
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06209">Planck (2018)</a> data
release.
</p>
<br />
<!-- <input id="Omega_m" type="number" value="0.3" /><br /><br /> -->
<label for="Omega_m">$\Omega_\mathrm{m}$; matter density:</label>
<select name="Omega_m" id="Omega_m">
<option value="0.2">0.2</option>
<option value="0.25">0.25</option>
<option value="0.3" selected>0.3</option>
<option value="0.35">0.35</option>
<option value="0.4">0.4</option></select
><br /><br />
<!-- <input id="Omega_b" type="number" value="0.045" /><br /><br /> -->
<label for="Omega_b">$\Omega_\mathrm{b}$; baryon density: </label>
<select name="Omega_b" id="Omega_b">
<option value="0.025">0.025</option>
<option value="0.035">0.035</option>
<option value="0.045" selected>0.045</option>
<option value="0.055">0.055</option>
<option value="0.065">0.065</option></select
><br /><br />
<!-- <input id="H_0" type="number" value="70.0" /><br /><br /> -->
<label for="H_0"
>$H_0$; Hubble parameter
[$\mathrm{km}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$]:
</label>
<select name="H_0" id="H_0">
<option value="50.">50</option>
<option value="60.">60</option>
<option value="70." selected>70</option>
<option value="80.">80</option>
<option value="90.">90</option></select
><br /><br />
<!-- <input id="sigma_8" type="number" value="0.8" /><br /><br /> -->
<!-- <label for="sigma_8">$\sigma_8$; fluctuation amplitude: </label>
<select name="sigma_8" id="sigma_8">
<option value="0.6">0.6</option>
<option value="0.7">0.7</option>
<option value="0.8" selected>0.8</option>
<option value="0.9">0.9</option>
<option value="1.0">1.0</option></select
><br /><br /> -->
<!-- <input id="n_s" type="number" value="0.96" /><br /><br /> -->
<label for="n_s">$n_\mathrm{s}$; primordial spectral index: </label>
<select name="n_s" id="n_s">
<option value="0.92">0.92</option>
<option value="0.94">0.94</option>
<option value="0.96" selected>0.96</option>
<option value="0.98">0.98</option>
<option value="1.00">1.00</option></select
><br /><br />
<!-- <input id="w_0" type="number" value="-1.0" /><br /><br /> -->
<label for="w_0">$w$; dark energy equation of state: </label>
<select name="w_0" id="w_0">
<option value="-0.7">-0.7</option>
<option value="-0.85">-0.85</option>
<option value="-1.0" selected>-1</option>
<option value="-1.15">-1.15</option>
<option value="-1.3">-1.3</option></select
><br /><br />
<label for="color">Colour scheme:</label>
<select name="color" id="color">
<option value="binary_r" selected>Black & white</option>
<option value="cubehelix">Cubehelix</option>
<option value="magma">Magma</option>
<option value="digilab">digiLab</option></select
><br /><br />
<button id="clickButton" onClick="image()">
Generate universe
</button>
</div>
<div class="subpage-right">
<div class="image-container">
<img id="image" src="images/nbody.png" alt="Universe" />
<div id="spinner" class="spinner"></div>
<div id="overlay" class="overlay"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<footer>
<p>
© 2025 Alexander Mead. Website by
<a href="http://www.jenbayne.com" target="_blank">Jen Bayne</a>.
</p>
</footer>
</div>
</body>
</html>