In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

btrfs: fix race between transaction aborts and fsyncs leading to use-after-free

There is a race between a task aborting a transaction during a commit,
a task doing an fsync and the transaction kthread, which leads to an
use-after-free of the log root tree. When this happens, it results in a
stack trace like the following:

BTRFS info (device dm-0): forced readonly
BTRFS warning (device dm-0): Skipping commit of aborted transaction.
BTRFS: error (device dm-0) in cleanup_transaction:1958: errno=-5 IO failure
BTRFS warning (device dm-0): lost page write due to IO error on /dev/mapper/error-test (-5)
BTRFS warning (device dm-0): Skipping commit of aborted transaction.
BTRFS warning (device dm-0): direct IO failed ino 261 rw 0,0 sector 0xa4e8 len 4096 err no 10
BTRFS error (device dm-0): error writing primary super block to device 1
BTRFS warning (device dm-0): direct IO failed ino 261 rw 0,0 sector 0x12e000 len 4096 err no 10
BTRFS warning (device dm-0): direct IO failed ino 261 rw 0,0 sector 0x12e008 len 4096 err no 10
BTRFS warning (device dm-0): direct IO failed ino 261 rw 0,0 sector 0x12e010 len 4096 err no 10
BTRFS: error (device dm-0) in write_all_supers:4110: errno=-5 IO failure (1 errors while writing supers)
BTRFS: error (device dm-0) in btrfs_sync_log:3308: errno=-5 IO failure
general protection fault, probably for non-canonical address 0x6b6b6b6b6b6b6b68: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP DEBUG_PAGEALLOC PTI
CPU: 2 PID: 2458471 Comm: fsstress Not tainted 5.12.0-rc5-btrfs-next-84 #1
Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.14.0-0-g155821a1990b-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014
RIP: 0010:__mutex_lock+0x139/0xa40
Code: c0 74 19 (...)
RSP: 0018:ffff9f18830d7b00 EFLAGS: 00010202
RAX: 6b6b6b6b6b6b6b68 RBX: 0000000000000001 RCX: 0000000000000002
RDX: ffffffffb9c54d13 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
RBP: ffff9f18830d7bc0 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: ffff9f18830d7be0 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: ffff8c6cd199c040
R13: ffff8c6c95821358 R14: 00000000fffffffb R15: ffff8c6cbcf01358
FS: 00007fa9140c2b80(0000) GS:ffff8c6fac600000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 00007fa913d52000 CR3: 000000013d2b4003 CR4: 0000000000370ee0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
Call Trace:
? __btrfs_handle_fs_error+0xde/0x146 [btrfs]
? btrfs_sync_log+0x7c1/0xf20 [btrfs]
? btrfs_sync_log+0x7c1/0xf20 [btrfs]
btrfs_sync_log+0x7c1/0xf20 [btrfs]
btrfs_sync_file+0x40c/0x580 [btrfs]
do_fsync+0x38/0x70
__x64_sys_fsync+0x10/0x20
do_syscall_64+0x33/0x80
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae
RIP: 0033:0x7fa9142a55c3
Code: 8b 15 09 (...)
RSP: 002b:00007fff26278d48 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000004a
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000563c83cb4560 RCX: 00007fa9142a55c3
RDX: 00007fff26278cb0 RSI: 00007fff26278cb0 RDI: 0000000000000005
RBP: 0000000000000005 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 00007fff26278d5c
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000340
R13: 00007fff26278de0 R14: 00007fff26278d96 R15: 0000563c83ca57c0
Modules linked in: btrfs dm_zero dm_snapshot dm_thin_pool (...)
---[ end trace ee2f1b19327d791d ]---

The steps that lead to this crash are the following:

1. We are at transaction N;

2. We have two tasks with a transaction handle attached to transaction N.
   Task A and Task B. Task B is doing an fsync;

3. Task B is at btrfs_sync_log(), and has saved fs_info->log_root_tree
   into a local variable named 'log_root_tree' at the top of
   btrfs_sync_log(). Task B is about to call write_all_supers(), but
   before that...

4. Task A calls btrfs_commit_transaction(), and after it sets the
   transaction state to TRANS_STATE_COMMIT_START, an error happens before
   it w
   ---truncated---

References

• https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-46958
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/061dde8245356d8864d29e25207aa4daa0be4d3c
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/633f7f216663587f17601eaa1cf2ac3d5654874c
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a4794be7b00b7eda4b45fffd283ab7d76df7e5d6
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e2da98788369bfba1138bada72765c47989a4338