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Papers For Homomorphic Encryption Acceleration

Homomorphic Encryption acceleration papers in a chronological order.

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Journal

2022

  • [TCAD 2022] [BGV] Efficient FHE Radix-2 Arithmetic Operations Based on Redundant Encoding. Hou Z, Shaojun Wei, Leibo Liu, et al. [Paper]
  • [TVLSI 2022] [BFV, CKKS] A Highly Unified Reconfigurable Multicore Architecture to Speed Up NTT/INTT for Homomorphic Polynomial Multiplication. Su Y, Yang B, Liu Y, et al. [Paper]
  • [TVLSI 2022] [BFV] Efficient Homomorphic Convolution Designs on FPGA for Secure Inference. Xiao Hu, Minghao Li, Zhongfeng Wang, et al. [Paper]
  • [TVLSI 2022] [AES] VLSI Design of Advanced-Features AES Cryptoprocessor in the Framework of the European Processor Initiative. Nannipieri P, Matteo S, Fanucci L, et al. [Paper]
  • [TCAS-I 2022] [Polynomial Multiplication] Faster NTRU on ARM Cortex-M4 With TMVP-Based Multiplication. Irem Keskinkurt Paksoy, Murat Cenk. [Paper]

2021

  • [TCAD 2021] [PQC] Model-Architecture Co-Design for High Performance Temporal GNN Inference on FPGA. Canto A, Kermani M, Azarderakhsh R, et al. [Paper]
  • [TCAS-I 2021] [Scalar Multiplication] Radix-2w Arithmetic for Scalar Multiplication in Elliptic Curve Cryptography. Abdelkrim Kamel Oudjida, Ahmed Liacha. [Paper]

2020

  • [TCAD 2020] [FHE] Efficient Comparison and Addition for FHE With Weighted Computational Complexity Model. Neng Zhang, Shaojun Wei, Leibo Liu, et al. [Paper]
  • [TVLSI 2020] [BFV] Design and Implementation of Encryption/Decryption Architectures for BFV Homomorphic Encryption Scheme. Ahmet Can Mert , ErdinÖztürk, and Erkay Savas [Paper]
  • [TVLSI 2020] [BFV] Computing-in-Memory for Performance and Energy-Efficient Homomorphic Encryption. Reis D, Takeshita J, Xiaobo Sharon Hu. [Paper]
  • [TCAS-I 2020] [Modular Multiplication] Lattice-Based Cryptoprocessor for CCA-Secure Identity-Based Encryption. Claudia P. Rentería-Mejía, Jaime Velasco-Medina [Paper]
  • [TCAS-I 2020] [Modular Multiplication] Design and Implementation of a Low-Latency Modular Multiplication Algorithm. Erdinç Öztürk [Paper]
  • [T-C 2020] [FHE] HEAWS: An Accelerator for Homomorphic Encryption on the Amazon AWS FPGA. Furkan Turan, Sujoy Sinha Roy, Ingrid Verbauwhede [Paper]
  • [IEEE Access 2020] [BGV] FPGA-Based Hardware Accelerator for Leveled Ring-LWE Fully Homorphic Encryption. Yang Su, Bailong Yang, Luogeng Tian, et al. [Paper]
  • [IEEE Access 2020] [FHE] PrivFT: Private and Fast Text Classification With Homomorphic Encryption. Ahmad B, Louie H, Chan M, et al. [Paper]
  • [IEEE Access 2020] [FHE] Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning With Fully Homomorphic Encryption for Deep Neural Network. Joon-woo L, Hyungchul K, Jong-Seon N, et al. [Paper]
  • [Journal of Cryptology 2020] [the TFHE scheme] Fast Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Torus. Chillotti, Ilaria, et al. [Paper]

2019

  • [TETCI 2019] [BFV, RNS] Implementation and Performance Evaluation of RNS Variants of the BFV Homomorphic Encryption Scheme. Ahmad B, Yuriy P, Kurt R, et al. [Paper]

2018 and before

  • [IEEE Access 2018] [Bootstrapping] Faster Bootstrapping With Multiple Addends Zhou T, Yang X, Liu L, et al. [Paper]
  • [T-C 2018] [BFV] HEPCloud: An FPGA-based multicore processor for FV somewhat homomorphic function evaluation. Sujoy R, Kimmo J, Ingrid V, et al. [Paper]
  • [T-C 2018] [BFV] Hardware/Software co-Design of an Accelerator for FV Homomorphic Encryption Scheme using Karatsuba Algorithm. Migliore V, Real M M, Lapotre V, et al. [Paper]
  • [TETCI 2017] [FHE, CRT] Designing an FPGA-Accelerated Homomorphic Encryption Co-Processor. David C, Kurt Rf and Daniel S. [Paper]
  • [T-C 2016] [FHE] A Custom Accelerator for Homomorphic Encryption Applications. Erdinc Ozturk, Yarkın Doroz, Erkay Savas [Paper]
  • [T-C 2015] [FHE] Accelerating Fully Homomorphic Encryption in Hardware. Yarkın Doroz, Erdinc Ozturk, and Berk Sunar [Paper]
  • [T-C 2015] [FHE] Optimised Multiplication Architectures for Accelerating Fully Homomorphic Encryption. Cao X, Moore C, O'Neill M, et al. [Paper]
  • [TOCT 2014] [the BGV scheme] (Leveled) Fully Homomorphic Encryption without Bootstrapping. Brakerski Z, Gentry C, Vaikuntanathan V. [Paper]

Conference

2022

  • [ISSCC 2022] [CKKS] A 28nm 48KOPS 3.4J Op Agile Crypto-Processor for Post Quantum Cryptograph on Multi Mathematical Problems. Zhu Y, Wei S, Liu L et al. [Paper]
  • [ISCA 2022] [CKKS] BTS: An Accelerator for Bootstrappable Fully Homomorphic Encryption. Kim S, Kim J, Ahn Jung et al. [Paper]
  • [ISCA 2022] [FHE] CraterLake: A Hardware Accelerator for Efficient Unbounded Computation on Encrypted Data. Samardzic N, Feldmann A, Krastev A, et al. [Paper]
  • [ISCA 2022] [CKKS] Graphite: optimizing graph neural networks on CPUs through cooperative software-hardware techniques. Gong Z, Ji H, Yao Y, et al. [Paper]
  • [DATE 2022] [CKKS] coxHE: A software-hardware co-design framework for FPGA acceleration of homomorphic computation. Han M, Zhu Y, Lei Ju, et al. [Paper]
  • [DAC 2022] [TFHE] MATCHA: A Fast and Energy-Efficient Accelerator for Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Torus. Lei Jiang, Qian Lou, Nrushad Joshi [Paper]
  • [ICCAD 2022] [TFHE] Accelerating N-bit Operations over TFHE on Commodity CPU-FPGA. Nam K, Moon H, Paek Y, et al. [Paper]
  • [ICCAD 2022] [Polynomial Multiplication] Fast and Compact Interleaved Modular Multiplication based on Carry Save Addition. Mazonka O, Chielle E, Maniatakos M, et al [Paper]
  • [ICCAD 2022] [In-SRAM hash] Inhale: Enabling High-Performance and Energy-Efficient In-SRAM Cryptographic Hash for IoT. Jingyao Zhang, Elaheh Sadredini. [Paper]
  • [ICCAD 2022] [BFV, BGV, CKKS]Accelerating Fully Homomorphic Encryption by Bridging Modular and Bit-Level Arithmetic. Chielle E, Mazonka O, Maniatakos M [Paper]
  • [ASPLOS 2022] [CKKS, BFV] CHOCO: Client-Optimized Algorithms and Acceleration for Encrypted Compute Offloading. McKenzie van der Hagen, Brandon Lucia. [Paper]
  • [MICRO 2022] [CKKS] ARK: Fully Homomorphic Encryption Accelerator with Runtime Data Generation and Inter-Operation Key Reuse. Kim J, Lee G, Ahn J, et al. [Paper]
  • [ESSCIRC 2022] [PQC] Configurable Energy-Efficient Lattice-Based PostQuantum Cryptography Processor for IoT Devices. Kim B, Park J, Sim J, et al [Paper]
  • [IEEE proceedings 2022] Survey on Fully Homomorphic Encryption, Theory, and Applications. Chiara M, Victor S, Marc M, et al. [Paper]
  • [CSUR 2022] [Survey] A Survey on Homomorphic Encryption Schemes_Theory and Implementation. Abbas Acar, Hidayet Aksu, A. Selcuk Uluagac. [Paper]
  • [CSUR 2022] [Survey] Fully Homomorphic Encryption Using Ideal Lattices. Abbas Acar, Hidayet Aksu, A. Selcuk Uluagac. [Paper]
  • [AsiaCrypt 2022] [Bootstrapping] High-Precision Bootstrapping for Approximate Homomorphic Encryption by Error Variance Minimization. Yongwoo L, Joon-Woo L, Young K, et al. [Paper]
  • [ArXiv 2022] [FHE, Bootstrapping] FAB: An FPGA-based Accelerator for Bootstrappable Fully Homomorphic Encryption. Rashmi A, Leo de, Ajay J, et al.[Paper]

2021

  • [HPCA 2021] [BFV] Cheetah: Optimizing and Accelerating Homomorphic Encryption for Private Inference. Reagen B, Choi W, Brooks D, et al. [Paper]
  • [CICC 2021] [Pairing] A Low-Power Elliptic Curve Pairing Crypto-Processor for Secure Embedded Blockchain and Functional Encryption. Utsav Banerjee, Anantha P. Chandrakasan [Paper]
  • [DATE 2021] [BFV] Real-time Private Membership Test using Homomorphic Encryption. Eduardo Chielle, Homer Gamil, Michail Maniatakos. [Paper]
  • [DAC 2021] [FHE-PIM] (Invited)Accelerating Fully Homomorphic Encryption with Processing in Memory. Saransh Gupta, Tajana Simunic Rosing [Paper]
  • [MICRO 2021] [CKKS] F1: A Fast and Programmable Accelerator for Fully Homomorphic Encryption (Extended Version) Feldmann A, Samardzic N, Sanchez D, et al. [Paper]
  • [ISCAS 2021] [NTT, RNS ] A Multi-Layer Parallel Hardware Architecture for Homomorphic Computation in Machine Learning. Guozhu Xin, Yifan Zhao, Jun Han [Paper]
  • [ISCAS 2021] [Polynomial Multiplication] High-throughput Polynomial Multiplier Architecture for Lattice-based Cryptography. Taishin Shimada, Makoto Ikeda [Paper]
  • [ISCAS 2021] [BN curve] BN-254 based Multi-Core, Multi-Pairing Crypto-Processor for Functional Encryption. Ryohei Nakayama, Makoto Ikeda [Paper]
  • [ISCAS 2021] [BGV] On Compare-and-Swap Optimization for Fully Homomorphic Encrypted Data. Chien-Chih Huang, Jyun-Neng Ji and Ming-Der Shieh. [Paper]
  • [Computer Science Machine Learning 2021] [Paillier] FPGA-Based Hardware Accelerator for Leveled Ring-LWE Fully Homorphic Encryption. Cheng X, Lu W, Chen S, et al. [Paper]
  • [CHES 2021] [Bootstrapping] Over 100x Faster Bootstrapping in Fully Homomorphic Encryption through Memory-centric Optimization with GPUs. Wonkyung J, Sangpyo K, Jung A, et al. [Paper]
  • [WAHC 2021] [FHE] Intel HEXL: Accelerating Homomorphic Encryption with Intel AVX512-IFMA52. Fabian B, Sejun K, Vinodh G, et al. [Paper]
  • [SPSL 2021] [TFHE] An FPGA-based Programmable Vector Engine for Fast Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Torus. Y. Serhan Gener, Parker Newton, Daniel Tan, et al. [Paper]
  • [AsiaCrypt 2021] [Bootstrapping, FHEW, TFHE] Bootstrapping in FHEW-like cryptosystems. Yongwoo L, Joon-Woo L, Young K, et al. [Paper]

2020

  • [DATE 2020] [CKKS] A Flexible and Scalable NTT Hardware:Applications from Homomorphically Encrypted Deep Learning to Post-Quantum Cryptography. Mert A, Karabulut E, Aysu A, et al [Paper]
  • [DAC 2020] [NTT] CryptoPIM: In-memory Acceleration for Lattice-based Cryptographic Hardware. Nejatollahi H, Gupta S, Dut N, et al. [Paper]
  • [DAC 2020] [TFHE] ROMEO: Conversion and Evaluation of HDL Designs in the Encrypted Domain. Charles Gouert and Nektarios Georgios Tsoutsos. [Paper]
  • [ASPLOS 2020] [CKKS] HEAX: An Architecture for Computing on Encrypted Data. M. Sadegh Riazi, Blake Pelton, Wei Dai, et al. [Paper]
  • [ISCAS 2020] [AES] Accelerating Post-Quantum Cryptography using an Energy-Efficient TLS Crypto-Processor. Utsav Banerjee, Siddharth Das, Anantha P. Chandrakasan [Paper]
  • [ISCAS 2020] [BGV] VLSI Architecture of Polynomial Multiplication for BGV Fully Homomorphic Encryption. Hsu H and Shieh M [Paper]
  • [Computing Science Cryptography and Security 2020] [Paillier] FPGA-Based Hardware Accelerator of Homomorphic Encryption for Efficient Federated Learning. Zhaoxiong Yang, Shuihai Hu, Kai Chen. [Paper]
  • [FCCM 2020] [NTT, Bootstrapping] Hardware Architecture of a Number Theoretic Transform for a Bootstrappable RNS-based Homomorphic Encryption Scheme. Sunwoong K, Keewoo L, Wonhee C, et al. [Paper]
  • [HOST 2020] [TFHE] CPU and GPU Accelerated Fully Homomorphic Encryption. Toufifique M, Md M and Noman M [Paper]
  • [IISWC 2020] [NTT, Bootstrapping] Accelerating Number Theoretic Transformations for Bootstrappable Homomorphic Encryption on GPUs. Sangpyo K, Wonkyung J, Jaiyoung P, et al. [Paper]
  • [IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2020] [CKKS] Efficient Bootstrapping for Approximate Homomorphic Encryption with Non-Sparse Keys. Bossuat J P, Mouchet C, Troncoso-Pastoriza J, et al. [Paper]
  • [IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2020] [CKKS] Approximate homomorphic encryption with reduced approximation error. Kim A, Papadimitriou A, Polyakov Y, et al. [Paper]

2019

  • [HPCA 2019] [BFV] FPGA-Based High-Performance Parallel Architecture for Homomorphic Computing on Encrypted Data.Sujoy S, Furkan, T, Kimmo J, et al. [Paper]

  • [CICC 2019] [NTT] A 55nm 50nJ_encode 13nJ_decode Homomorphic Encryption Crypto-Engine for IoT Nodes to Enable Secure Computation on Encrypted Data. 1-4. Yoon I, Cao N, Amaravati A, et al [Paper]

  • [DSD 2019] [NTT] Design and Implementation of a Fast and Scalable NTT-Based Polynomial Multiplier Architecture. Ahmet Can Mert, Erdinc Ozturk, Erkay Savas. [Paper]

  • [AAAI 2019] [FHE] Logistic Regression on Homomorphic Encrypted Data at Scale. Kyoohyung H, Seungwan H, Jung C. [Paper]

  • [PLDI 2019] [FHE] CHET: An Optimizing Compiler for Fully-Homomorphic Neural-Network Inferencing. Roshan D, Olli S, Todd M, et al. [Paper]

  • [Reconfig 2019] [FHE, Modular Multiplier] FPGA-based Accelerators of Fully Pipelined Modular Multipliers for Homomorphic Encryption. Sunwoong K, Keewoo L, Wonhee C, et al. [Paper]

2018 and before

  • [Crypto 2018] [BGV] Faster Homomorphic Linear Transformations in HElib. Shai Halevi and Victor Shoup.[Paper]
  • [CHES 2018] [BFV] High-Performance FV Somewhat Homomorphic Encryption on GPUs: An Implementation using CUDA. Ahmad B, Bharadwaj V, Chan M, et al. [Paper]
  • [EUPOCRYPT 2018] [Bootstrapping] Homomorphic Lower Digits Removal and Improved FHE Bootstrapping. Hao Chen and Kyoohyung Han [Paper]
  • [JMIR 2018] [FHE, Logistic Regression] Secure Logistic Regression Based on Homomorphic Encryption: Design and Evaluation. Miran K, Yongsoo S, Shuang Wang, et al. [Paper]
  • [IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2018] [FHE] Homomorphic Encryption Standard. Martin A, Melissa C, Vinod V, et al [Paper]
  • [SAC 2018] [BFV, RNS] A Full RNS Variant of Approximate Homomorphic Encryption. Jung C , Kyoohyung H, Yongsoo S, et al. [Paper]
  • [EUPOCRYPT 2017] [the CKKS scheme] Homomorphic Encryption for Arithmetic of Approximate Numbers. Jung C, Andrey K, Yongsoo S, et al. [Paper]
  • [AsiaCrypt 2017] [Bootstrapping] Bootstrapping for Approximate Homomorphic Encryption. Cheon J H, Han K, Kim A, et al. [Paper]
  • [AsiaCrypt 2016] [Bootstrapping] Faster fully homomorphic encryption: Bootstrapping in less than 0.1 seconds. Ilaria C , Nicolas G, Malika Izabachene, et al. [Paper]
  • [SAC 2016] [FHE, Logistic Regression] A Full RNS Variant of FV like Somewhat Homomorphic Encryption Schemes. Jean-Claude B, Julien E, Vincent Z, et al. [Paper]
  • [TETCI 2016] [FHE] Designing an FPGA-accelerated homomorphic encryption co-processor. Cousins D B, Rohloff K, Sumorok D. [Paper]
  • [DATE 2015] [CKKS] Efficient Software Implementation of Ring-LWE Encryption. Ruan de C, Sujoy R, Frederik V, et al. [Paper]
  • [EUPOCRYPT 2015] [the FHEW scheme] FHEW: Bootstrapping Homomorphic Encryption in less than a second.Leo D, Daniele M, Centrum W, et al. [Paper]
  • [IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2015] [FHE] A Guide to Fully Homomorphic Encryption. Frederik A, Colin B, Martin S, et al. [Paper]
  • [ASAP 2015] [Bootstrapping] Accelerating Bootstrapping in FHEW using GPUs. Moon L, Yongje L, Jung Het al.* [Paper]
  • [CHES 2015] [FHE NTT] Accelerating homomorphic evaluation on reconfigurable hardware. T. Poppelmann, M. Naehrig, A. Macias, et al. [Paper]
  • [CHES 2014] [NTT RLWE] Compact Ring-LWE Cryptoprocessor. Sujoy R, Frederik V, Nele M, et al.[Paper]
  • [HEPC 2014] [FHE] An FPGA co-processor implementation of Homomorphic Encryption. David B, John G, Kurt R, et al. [Paper]
  • [COMM 2014] [FHE] Comparison-Based Computations Over Fully Homomorphic Encrypted Data. Togan M, Pleşca C [Paper]
  • [DCC 2014] [FHE] Fully Homomorphic SIMD Operations. N.P. Smart and F. Vercauteren [Paper]
  • [Crypto 2014] [BGV] Algorithms in HElib. S. Halevi and V. Shoup [Paper]
  • [Crypto 2013] [Bootstrapping] Practical Bootstrapping in Quasilinear Time. Jacob Alperin-Sheriff and Chris Peikert [Paper]
  • [Crypto 2013] [the GSW scheme] Homomorphic Encryption from Learning with Errors: Conceptually-Simpler, Asymptotically-Faster, Attribute-Based. Craig Gentry, Amit Sahai, Brent Waters [Paper]
  • [ISCAS 2013] [FHE] FPGA implementation of a large-number multiplier for fully homomorphic encryption. Wei Wang and Xinming Huang. [Paper]
  • [DSD 2013] [NTT] Evaluating the Hardware Performance of a Million-Bit Multiplier. Y. Doroz, E. Ozturk, and B. Sunar [Paper]
  • [EUROCRYPT 2010] [the DGHV scheme] Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers. van Dijk M, Gentry C, Halevi S, et al. [Paper]
  • [EUROCRYPT 2010] [the BFV scheme] Fully Homomorphic Encryption without Modulus Switching from Classical GapSVP. Zvika Brakerski [Paper]
  • [STOC 2009] [the Lattice-FHE scheme] Fully homomorphic encryption using ideal lattices. Craig Gentry [Paper]