diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 63dcd73..c247518 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ IOMP5         = 0
 
 ########################### end ###########################
 
-VERSION=0.4.5
+VERSION=0.4.6
 # detect OS architecture and add flags
 Platform     := $(shell uname -s)
 
diff --git a/src/Common.hpp b/src/Common.hpp
index 12b3224..4a2d08d 100644
--- a/src/Common.hpp
+++ b/src/Common.hpp
@@ -1,10 +1,22 @@
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * @file        https://github.com/Zilong-Li/PCAone/src/Common.hpp
+ * @author      Zilong Li
+ * Copyright (C) 2022-2024. Use of this code is governed by the LICENSE file.
+ ******************************************************************************/
 #ifndef PCAone_Common_H
 #define PCAone_Common_H
 
 #include <Eigen/Dense>
+#include <cstdio>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <numeric>
+
+#define ZSTD_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY
+#include "zstd.h"
 
 #define MAF(a) ((a) > 0.5 ? (1 - a) : (a))
 
@@ -34,5 +46,51 @@ inline UMapIntInt vector2map(const Int1D& v) {
   return m;
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+inline std::vector<size_t> sortidx(const std::vector<T>& v) {
+  std::vector<size_t> idx(v.size());
+  std::iota(idx.begin(), idx.end(), 0);
+  std::sort(idx.begin(), idx.end(),
+            [&v](size_t i1, size_t i2) { return v[i1] < v[i2]; });
+  return idx;
+}
+
+struct Line {
+  std::string data;
+  operator std::string const &() const { return data; }
+  friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& ifs, Line& line) {
+    return std::getline(ifs, line.data);
+  }
+};
+
+struct SNPld {
+  std::vector<int> pos;          // pos of each SNP
+  std::vector<int> end_pos;      // 0-based index for last snp pos
+  std::vector<std::string> chr;  // chr sequences
+  Double1D af;                   // allele frequency
+  std::vector<int> ws;           //  the snp index, i.e the index for lead SNP
+  std::vector<int> we;  // the number of SNPs (including lead SNP) in a window
+};
+
+struct ZstdBuffer {
+  ZstdBuffer() {
+    buffInTmp.reserve(buffInSize);
+    buffOutTmp.reserve(buffOutSize);
+  }
+  ~ZstdBuffer() {
+    ZSTD_freeDCtx(dctx);
+    if (fclose(fin)) {
+      perror("fclose error");
+      exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+  FILE* fin = nullptr;
+  size_t const buffInSize = ZSTD_DStreamInSize();
+  size_t const buffOutSize = ZSTD_DStreamOutSize();
+  ZSTD_DCtx* const dctx = ZSTD_createDCtx();
+  size_t lastRet = 1;
+  std::string buffCur = "";
+  std::string buffLine, buffInTmp, buffOutTmp;
+};
 
 #endif  // PCAone_Common_H
diff --git a/src/Data.cpp b/src/Data.cpp
index 038513b..161f803 100644
--- a/src/Data.cpp
+++ b/src/Data.cpp
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@
 
 #include "Data.hpp"
 
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
 #include "Eigen/src/Core/util/Meta.h"
 #include "LD.hpp"
 #include "Utils.hpp"
@@ -215,8 +212,8 @@ void Data::write_residuals(const MyVector &S, const MyMatrix &U,
               "ld-stats=0: calculate the ancestry adjusted LD matrix!");
   }
   std::ofstream ofs(params.fileout + ".residuals", std::ios::binary);
-  const uint ibyte = 4;
-  const uint magic = ibyte * 2;
+  const uint64 ibyte = 4;
+  const uint64 magic = ibyte * 2;
   uint64 bytes_per_snp = nsamples * ibyte;
   ofs.write((char *)&nsnps, ibyte);
   ofs.write((char *)&nsamples, ibyte);
@@ -229,7 +226,7 @@ void Data::write_residuals(const MyVector &S, const MyMatrix &U,
     for (Eigen::Index ib = 0; ib < G.cols(); ib++) {
       fg = G.col(ib).cast<float>();
       if (params.perm) {
-        idx = magic + perm.indices()[ib] * bytes_per_snp;
+        idx = magic + (uint64)perm.indices()[ib] * bytes_per_snp;
         ofs.seekp(idx, std::ios_base::beg);
       }
       ofs.write((char *)fg.data(), bytes_per_snp);
@@ -246,7 +243,7 @@ void Data::write_residuals(const MyVector &S, const MyMatrix &U,
       for (Eigen::Index ib = 0; ib <= stop[b] - start[b]; ib++, i++) {
         fg = G.col(ib).cast<float>();
         if (params.perm) {
-          idx = magic + perm.indices()[i] * bytes_per_snp;
+          idx = magic + (uint64)perm.indices()[i] * bytes_per_snp;
           ofs.seekp(idx, std::ios_base::beg);
         }
         ofs.write((char *)fg.data(), bytes_per_snp);
diff --git a/src/FileBinary.cpp b/src/FileBinary.cpp
index 4cb5859..d71f192 100644
--- a/src/FileBinary.cpp
+++ b/src/FileBinary.cpp
@@ -2,21 +2,6 @@
 
 using namespace std;
 
-bool isZstdCompressed(const char *filename) {
-  FILE *file = fopen(filename, "rb");
-  if (!file) return false;
-
-  char magicNumber[4];
-  if (fread(magicNumber, 1, 4, file) != 4) {
-    fclose(file);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  bool isCompressed = (ZSTD_isFrame(magicNumber, 4) != 0);
-
-  fclose(file);
-  return isCompressed;
-}
 
 void FileBin::check_file_offset_first_var() {
   setlocale(LC_ALL, "C");
diff --git a/src/FileBinary.hpp b/src/FileBinary.hpp
index 038c469..89a9680 100644
--- a/src/FileBinary.hpp
+++ b/src/FileBinary.hpp
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@
 #define FILEBINARY_H_
 
 #include "Data.hpp"
-#define ZSTD_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY
-#include "zstd.h"
 
-bool isZstdCompressed(const char *filename);
 
 class FileBin : public Data {
  public:
diff --git a/src/FilePlink.cpp b/src/FilePlink.cpp
index 8fbbfb4..d54d959 100644
--- a/src/FilePlink.cpp
+++ b/src/FilePlink.cpp
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 
 #include "FilePlink.hpp"
 
-#include <string>
-
 using namespace std;
 
 void FileBed::check_file_offset_first_var() {
diff --git a/src/LD.cpp b/src/LD.cpp
index 1f6a600..3df1b89 100644
--- a/src/LD.cpp
+++ b/src/LD.cpp
@@ -8,10 +8,6 @@
 
 #include <zlib.h>
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <string>
-
 #include "Cmd.hpp"
 #include "Data.hpp"
 #include "Utils.hpp"
diff --git a/src/Timer.hpp b/src/Timer.hpp
index 2f3ca54..f22bcb0 100644
--- a/src/Timer.hpp
+++ b/src/Timer.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef TIMER_H_
 #define TIMER_H_
 
+#include <clocale>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <iomanip>  // put_time
 #include <sstream>
diff --git a/src/Utils.cpp b/src/Utils.cpp
index 8c949ef..a2adf11 100644
--- a/src/Utils.cpp
+++ b/src/Utils.cpp
@@ -223,3 +223,19 @@ void make_plink2_eigenvec_file(int K, std::string fout, const std::string& fin,
     ofs << tokens[0] + "\t" + tokens[1] + "\t" << line2 << std::endl;
   }
 }
+
+bool isZstdCompressed(const char *filename) {
+  FILE *file = fopen(filename, "rb");
+  if (!file) return false;
+
+  char magicNumber[4];
+  if (fread(magicNumber, 1, 4, file) != 4) {
+    fclose(file);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  bool isCompressed = (ZSTD_isFrame(magicNumber, 4) != 0);
+
+  fclose(file);
+  return isCompressed;
+}
diff --git a/src/Utils.hpp b/src/Utils.hpp
index 408673a..ba968a4 100644
--- a/src/Utils.hpp
+++ b/src/Utils.hpp
@@ -3,23 +3,18 @@
 
 #include <sys/utsname.h>
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
-#include <chrono>
-#include <clocale>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <iterator>
 #include <random>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 #include "Common.hpp"
 #include "Logger.hpp"
 #include "Timer.hpp"
-#include "zstd.h"
 
 // MAKE SOME TOOLS FULLY ACCESSIBLE THROUGHOUT THE SOFTWARE
 #ifdef _DECLARE_TOOLBOX_HERE
@@ -30,32 +25,6 @@ extern Timer tick;
 extern Logger cao;
 #endif
 
-template <typename T>
-inline std::vector<size_t> sortidx(const std::vector<T>& v) {
-  std::vector<size_t> idx(v.size());
-  std::iota(idx.begin(), idx.end(), 0);
-  std::sort(idx.begin(), idx.end(),
-            [&v](size_t i1, size_t i2) { return v[i1] < v[i2]; });
-  return idx;
-}
-
-struct Line {
-  std::string data;
-  operator std::string const &() const { return data; }
-  friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& ifs, Line& line) {
-    return std::getline(ifs, line.data);
-  }
-};
-
-struct SNPld {
-  std::vector<int> pos;          // pos of each SNP
-  std::vector<int> end_pos;      // 0-based index for last snp pos
-  std::vector<std::string> chr;  // chr sequences
-  Double1D af;                   // allele frequency
-  std::vector<int> ws;           //  the snp index, i.e the index for lead SNP
-  std::vector<int> we;  // the number of SNPs (including lead SNP) in a window
-};
-
 std::string get_machine();
 
 void fcloseOrDie(FILE* file);
@@ -91,22 +60,6 @@ std::vector<std::string> split_string(const std::string& s,
 void make_plink2_eigenvec_file(int K, std::string fout, const std::string& fin,
                                const std::string& fam);
 
-struct ZstdBuffer {
-  ZstdBuffer() {
-    buffInTmp.reserve(buffInSize);
-    buffOutTmp.reserve(buffOutSize);
-  }
-  ~ZstdBuffer() {
-    ZSTD_freeDCtx(dctx);
-    fcloseOrDie(fin);
-  }
-  FILE* fin = nullptr;
-  size_t const buffInSize = ZSTD_DStreamInSize();
-  size_t const buffOutSize = ZSTD_DStreamOutSize();
-  ZSTD_DCtx* const dctx = ZSTD_createDCtx();
-  size_t lastRet = 1;
-  std::string buffCur = "";
-  std::string buffLine, buffInTmp, buffOutTmp;
-};
+bool isZstdCompressed(const char *filename);
 
 #endif  // PCAONE_UTILES_