Skip to content

Commit

Permalink
Deploying to gh-pages from @ 6f5f132 🚀
Browse files Browse the repository at this point in the history
  • Loading branch information
@rickecon
rickecon committed Sep 20, 2023
1 parent 5cd98d8 commit 1661391
Show file tree
Hide file tree
Showing 26 changed files with 331 additions and 69 deletions.
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion .buildinfo
View file
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
# Sphinx build info version 1
# This file hashes the configuration used when building these files. When it is not found, a full rebuild will be done.
config: c27a5c183afbd19cbf16e241737ce764
config: 96dd4158401e2e3c3a696bcb4941f3b0
tags: 645f666f9bcd5a90fca523b33c5a78b7
42 changes: 29 additions & 13 deletions FiscalSim-US_references.html
View file
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@

<html lang="en" >

<head><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.3.4/require.min.js"></script>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.18.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -399,43 +399,59 @@ <h1>References</h1>
<section class="tex2jax_ignore mathjax_ignore" id="references">
<h1>References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
<div class="docutils container" id="id1">
<div class="citation" id="id14" role="doc-biblioentry">
<div class="citation" id="id15" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>Can19<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Patrick Canning. Quantifying the impact of snap benefits on the u.s. economy and jobs. SNAP Feature 1, USDA Economic Research Service, https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2019/july/quantifying-the-impact-of-snap-benefits-on-the-u-s-economy-and-jobs/, 2019.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id25" role="doc-biblioentry">
<div class="citation" id="id20" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>CRS18<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>CRS. The temoprary assistance for needy families (tanf) block grant: responses to frequently asked questions. FAQ 1, Congressional Research Service, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL32760/154, 2018.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id5" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>fCF22<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Administration for Children &amp; Families. Tanf and moe spending and transfers by activity, fy 2021. Financial Data Tables 1, Department of Health and Human Services, December 2022.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id31" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>HHS22<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>HHS. About tanf. Summary Page 1, The Department of Health and Human Services, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ofa/programs/tanf/about, 2022.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id33" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>Man23<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Jerold Mande. Supplemental nutrition assistance program as a health intervention. <em>Current Opinion in Pediatrics</em>, 35(1):33–38, Feb 2023.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id30" role="doc-biblioentry">
<div class="citation" id="id19" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>oBP22<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Policy basics: temporary assistance for needy families. Policy Overview, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, https://www.cbpp.org/research/income-security/temporary-assistance-for-needy-families, March 2022.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id38" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>Pet23<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Peter G. Peterson. What is snap? an overview of the largest federal anti-hunger program. Program Overview Paper 1, Peter G. Peterson Foundation, https://www.pgpf.org/blog/2023/05/what-is-snap, 2023.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id35" role="doc-biblioentry">
<div class="citation" id="id43" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>Sha14<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Jessica Shahin. Commemorating the history of snap: looking back at the food stamp act of 1964. Legislation Overview 1, USDA, https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2014/10/15/commemorating-history-snap-looking-back-food-stamp-act-1964, 2014.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id36" role="doc-biblioentry">
<div class="citation" id="id44" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>USD88<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>USDA. Pl 100-435 - hunger prevention act of 1988. Legislation 1, USDA, https://www.fns.usda.gov/pl-100-435, 1988.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id37" role="doc-biblioentry">
<div class="citation" id="id45" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>USD08<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>USDA. Pl 100-234 - food, conservation, and energy act of 2008. Legislation 1, USDA, https://www.fns.usda.gov/pl-110-234, 2008.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id38" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>USD23<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<div class="citation" id="id46" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>USD23a<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>USDA. Changes to snap benefit amounts - 2023. FAQs/Q&amp;As 1, USDA, https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/changes-2023-benefit-amounts, 2023.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id39" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>Woo23<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>John Woolley. Executive order 10914-providing for an expanded program of food distribution to needy families. Executive Order Documentation 1, UC-Santa Barbara, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-10914-providing-for-expanded-program-food-distribution-needy-families, 2023.</p>
<div class="citation" id="id25" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>USD23b<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>USDA. Us farm policy and policy process. Policy Process 1, USDA, https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-commodity-policy/u-s-farm-policy-and-policy-process/, 2023.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id2" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>GerstenPaal22<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Sasha Gersten-Paal. Snap fy 2023 cost-of-living adjustments. Policy Memo, Food and Nutrition Service, US Department of Agriculture, August 9 2022.</p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="id24" role="doc-biblioentry">
<div class="citation" id="id32" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>JohnsonMotoyama22<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Michelle Johnson-Motoyama. Association between state supplemental nutrition assistance program policies, child protective services involvement, and foster care in the us, 2004-2016. <em>Journal of the American Medical Association</em>, 5(7):1, July 2022.</p>
</div>
Expand Down
40 changes: 36 additions & 4 deletions _sources/federalstate/snap/intro.md
View file
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -3,7 +3,9 @@

(Chap_SNAPoverview)=
## Overview
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest federal nutrition assistance program in the United States, and one of the largest poverty reduction programs in the United States. The 2022 SNAP federal budget was $119 billion, aiding approximately 41 million low income beneficiaries per month [^SNAPstats].
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest federal nutrition assistance program in the United States, and one of the largest poverty reduction programs in the United States. 68.5% of the 2019-2023 Farm Bill budget is allotted to SNAP [^FarmBill]. The 2021 Fiscal Year SNAP federal budget was $111 billion. [^SNAPFY2021] For comparison, similar welfare programs in FY 2021 - TANF: $30 billion;[^TANFFY2021] Medicaid: $521 billion; Medicare: $868 billion; Social Security: $1.1 trillion. [^MedSSFY2021]

The 2022 SNAP federal budget was $119 billion, aiding approximately 41 million low income beneficiaries per month [^SNAPstats].

Less formally known as food stamps, SNAP works to alleviate food insecurity by providing impoverished households with a monthly income support to purchase food. Eligibility for SNAP benefits are determined through a complex set of requirements that are established at the federal level, with several variations at the state level. The amount of SNAP benefit is allocated according to the number of members in the household, as well as the household's program-specific definition of net income (accounting for gross income, and removing several deductions, including utilities, transportation, and extenuating circumstances like disability or care for the elderly).

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -75,15 +77,41 @@ Deductions from gross income to compute net income included the following:
Each of these deductions have different deduction caps that vary with the discretion of each state. See FiscalSim code for more details.


(SecSNAPstatepolicy)=
## State SNAP policy characteristics

While the basic structure of SNAP established by federal tax code ensures a fundamentally similar format across states, state-by-state variations make minor adjustments to SNAP eligibility and deductions that determine a household's net income. Below is a summary of the most prominent state variations--see the FiscalSim SNAP code for a complete list of state variations.

The most significant state variations exist with the asset test, varying gross income limits, and deduction caps. States that are more generous with SNAP may abolish the asset test and a gross income limit--no matter how many assets a household has, or what their gross income is, as long as their calculated deductions are great enough to bring them under 100% of the Federal Poverty Level, then they may qualify for SNAP. These states may also have larger deduction caps for various expenses, such as utilities. States that are more stringent with SNAP benefits may choose to establish tighter deduction caps, limiting the amount of income that can be deducted to calculate final household net income. These states may also choose to include the various eligibility hurdles--namely, an asset test and an income limit.
(SecSNAPfootnotes)=
The most significant state variations exist with the asset test, varying gross income limits, and deduction caps. States that are more generous with SNAP may abolish the asset test and a gross income limit--no matter how many assets a household has, or what their gross income is, as long as their calculated deductions are great enough to bring them under 100% of the Federal Poverty Level, then they may qualify for SNAP. These states may also have larger deduction caps for various expenses, such as utilities. States that are more stringent with SNAP benefits may choose to establish tighter deduction caps, limiting the amount of income that can be deducted to calculate final household net income. These states may also choose to include the various eligibility hurdles--namely, an asset test and an income limit.


(SecSNAPfarmbill)=
## SNAP and the Farm Bill

The legislation, procedures, and funding for SNAP come from the Farm Bill. [^FarmBillProcess] Originally enacted in 1933 to support US food and agriculture producers affected by the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, the current Farm Bill includes 12 titles that support various elements of agriculture and food production. Within the 12 titles, the 3 titles recieving the largest amounts of funding include Title I: Commodities (covers price and income support for farmers who produce widely-traded non-perishable crops); Title XI, Crop Insurance (subsidies to protect against losses in yield); and Title IV, Nutrition (90% of the funding for this Nutrition title goes to SNAP).

The Farm Bill legislation is passed every 5 years. For example, the Farm Bill that was passed in 2018 expires Septembeer 30th, 2023. A year before current legislation expires, lobbying for provisions begins by farm ogranizations, environmental groups, taxpayers, and other groups. [^FarmPrimer] After this public input, both the Senate and House Agriculture Committees draft, debate, and pass separate bill proposals. The Senate Agricultural Committee on Subsidies and Nutrition, and the House Agricultural Committee on Subsidies, Policy, and Oversight, are the two "Ag Committees" that draft these two bills. The two bills are sent to a Conference Committee where they are combined. The combined bill must then be approved by the entire House and Senate. This is the reauthorization process.

The appropriations process determines funding for the various titles and programs in the Farm Bill. The 2018 Farm Bill received $428 billion. SNAP is an "entitlement program," where appropriatons will automatically be granted to fund their program. Other programs recieve "descretionary spending," where funds are granted at the discretion of the Appropriations Committees in Congress. This will be done before October 1st, 2023 for upcoming Farm Bill.

The President then signs the Bill, which has been reauthorized and appropriated, into public law.

The "rulemaking phase" then occurs. After reauthorization and appropriations are complete and the bill has become a law, the USDA establishes specific rules and regulations which are implemented into the Farm Bill programs.



(SecSNAPfootnotes)=
## Footnotes

[^FarmBill]: This {cite}`USDA:2023` USDA webpage outlines distribution of the 2018 Farm Bill (see https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-commodity-policy/farm-bill-spending/).

[^SNAPFY2021]: This {cite}`CBPP:2022` article on the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities website gives an outline of the SNAP program, including its
FY 2021 budget (see https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/the-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap).

[^TANFFY2021]: This {cite}`ACF:2022` article from the DHHS government website outlines TANF spending for FY 2021 (see https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ofa/data/tanf-and-moe-spending-and-transfers-activity-fy-2021).

[^MedSSFY2021]: This {cite}`CBO:2022` infographic from the Congressional Budget Office outlines spending for various government programs for Fiscal Year 2021, including Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security (see https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58270).

[^SNAPstats]: The {cite}`Peterson:2023` article gives an overview of the economic statistics of the SNAP program (see https://www.pgpf.org/blog/2023/05/what-is-snap)

[^cost_of_living]: The {cite}`GerstenPaal:2022` policy memo details the SNAP FY 2023 cost of living adjustments (see https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/fy-2023-cola). The SNAP allotments only differ among the following three groups--(i) 48 States, DC, Guam, Virgin Islands, (ii) Alaska, and (iii) Hawaii. All of those values increase with inflation each year, but all recipients in the lower 48 states have no difference in benefit amounts and are not adjusted within that group for cost of living.
Expand All @@ -102,4 +130,8 @@ The most significant state variations exist with the asset test, varying gross i

[^foodsecurity]: This {cite}`Mande:2023` research article investigates the childhood health impacts of the SNAP program (see https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36354297/).

[^SNAPCPS]: This {cite}`Johnson-Motoyama:2022` research article investigates the relationship between state SNAP generostiy and statewide CPS events (see https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9280401/).
[^SNAPCPS]: This {cite}`Johnson-Motoyama:2022` research article investigates the relationship between state SNAP generostiy and statewide CPS events (see https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9280401/).

[^FarmBillProcess]: This {cite}`ERSUSDA:2023` USDA webpage outlines the policy process of the passing of the Farm Bill (see https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-commodity-policy/u-s-farm-policy-and-policy-process/).

[^FarmPrimer]: This `Frye:2023` Farm Bill primer was graciously provided by Jason Frye at Terrapin Strategy consulting.
Loading

0 comments on commit 1661391

Please sign in to comment.