- 英文学术写作不接受缩写形式
- 避免使用不正式的口语表达如lots of
- 句式不应过于短促
- 祈使句不能出现在学术写作中
- 审题时把考题逐字逐句读2~3遍
- 审题时对题目中的各个部分一视同仁
- 题目较长，直接将题目进行翻译
| 技能 Skill | 提高 | 效率 Efficiency |
|---|---|---|
| 科技 Technology | 保障 | 安全 Safety |
| 权利 Right | 对应 | 责任 Responsibility |
| 环境 Environment | 影响 | 健康 Health |
| 就业 Employment | 获得 | 财务 Money |
| 文化 Culture | 带来 | 乐趣 Fun |
STREEC
折中式写法
分析解释类，题目中不给出任何观点，只是一种现象，要求分析这种现象的cause原因、solutions解决方案、problems所带来的问题、factors影响因素、measures应对措施、effects(或influence/impact)影响等
辩论类，要求考生辩论观点或者比较利弊的考题
四种提问方式
| 提问方式 | 中文别名 | 出现频率 |
|---|---|---|
| Do you agree or disagree / To what extent do you agree or disagree. | 同不同意型 | 高 |
| Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. | 双方讨论型， D & G 型 | 高 |
| Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages / To what extent do you think the benefits outweigh the drawbacks? | 比较利弊型 | 中高 |
| What is your opinion? / What is your view | 你怎么看型 | 低 |
| 四段式结构(写两个主体段，各论证一方) | 五段式结构(写三个主体段，前两个论证一方，第三个论证另一方) |
|---|---|
| 第一段1 第二段 1 + 6 第三段 1 + 4 第四段 1 |
第一段 1 第二段 1 + 2 第三段 1 + 2 第四段 1 + 2 第五段 1~2句 |
- 题目中含有背景，简单转述背景
- 用Some people think / believe / argue that ...转述题目中所含的那种观点。转述时你的首要任务是不能偏离原题里的观点，挑选有把握的地方动“小手术”即可，不要用根本没把握的难词。
- 写出你自己对这种观点所持的态度(your position)
不完全赞同： Although I agree that ..., I believe that ...
赞同： While I agree that ..., I believe that ...
**决不允许出现"Other think that ..."**的表述
两种观点，在主体段对两种看法分别讨论之后，到结尾段再提出自己对它们的看法，符合 Discuss both views and give your own opinion
简单易行的的开头段
- 含有背景则转述背景
- 用Some people think that ..., while others believe that ...转述题目里面给出的两种观点
稍难一些的开头段
- 写背景句与前一种写法相同
- 用People have different views about ...在省略号里面概况题目讨论的话题
Some people ... . I believe
看清题目到底要求你分析这种现象的哪两个方面(例如：产生原因cause + 解决方法solutions, 或者这种现象导致的问题problems + 可以采取的措施measures等)
以cause + solutions的题型为例
- 简洁语言转述背景
- 简洁、地道的英语概括自己要进行的分析，例如: There are several cause of this trend, but measures can be taken to address it. There are several reasons for this trend and measures need to be taken to tackle it.
简要、概括、不偏离
恰当使用多种衔接手段
五种常用衔接手段：
- 连接词(as a result, for example, if 等)
- 人称代词(they, them等)
- 物主代词(their等)
- 指示代词(this, these等)
- 与前面句子直接相关的名词
As a result, therefore
For example, such as(不能出在句首)
By contrast(后跟逗号) / while
For example, Similarly, are likely to, are more likely to
although
If, without ... , ... would
This means that(无逗号), In other words
Specifically
不直接使用连接词，通过上下文之间的内在语义联系建立起支持句的请问衔接
they对分论点中的 ... 进行指代
They和their 建立起衔接
当this在支持句开头独立使用时
this后紧跟一个普通单数名词时
...
They, This, This means that ... 等
As a result, Therefore, For example, By contrast, If, Specifically, In other words 等 因果、举例、对比、类比、让步、假设、下定义、限定范围
Employees / Students / Many countries / Some advertisements 等 或定语从句: People who ..., Parents who ..., Advertisements that ..., Buildings that 等
官方只给你一种观点，要求提出并且论证你自己对于这种观点的看法，在全文任何位置绝不能出现"Other people think that ..."
论证两方面和开头段提出自己的看法存在明显偏差
对策： 针对论证两方面分别用中文记录下来，随时提示自己。
时间安排不合理，用了90%的时间论述自己更有感觉的那个观点
对策：
如果写两个主体段，可以选择两个主体段的长度相近，也可以选择一段比较长而另一端比较短，但比较短的那一段也不要只用12句话
三个主体段也不要一段只用12句话
Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?和Is this a positive or negative trend?/ Is this a positive or negative development? 两种开头和结尾有细微差别 注意What are the advantage and disadvantages of this trend为Report分析型考题
给一种现象，要求分析它的两个方面，最长要求分析的方面为cause产生原因和solution解决方法，注意还有些要求分析problems问题产生的原因、effects影响，advantages好处、弊端disadvantage
对策：
提醒自己注意题目到底要求你分析现象的哪两个方面
Argument和Report混合体，概率低
小作文的6种类型
- table 表格
- line graph 线图
- bar chart 柱状图
- pin chart 拼装图
- process diagram 流程图
- map 地图
- 看图时要看清单位，如果图中提供的单位你却忘了使用，将会导致介绍的数字没有意义
- 图形旁边如果给出了图例，也务必看仔细
- 不要轻视图形上方或者图形下方的文字标题，这些文字标题有时可以为改写开头段提供有用的“好词”
图里面有什么我们才介绍什么
介绍图中的数据应该力求准确，一定不能抄错数字。但同时剑桥的另一个规定是：当一个特征点并没有正好落在一个准确的坐标值上的时候，允许考生进行合理的目测。
详尽介绍数据并不是说要把所有数字全都“堆”到文章里去
改写原题，写1~2句
规律：
- 如果一道题里包含两个或两个以上的国家或地区，或者包含两种或两种以上互相比较的事物，那么在开头段改写时可以用compare来替换show（illustrates）
- 原题里的below一词在转述时必须删掉
比较意识对于夺取小作文的高分具有重要意义
Task1作文同义词代换表
| 原词 | 可替换词汇 |
|---|---|
| the UK | Britain/the United Kingdom |
| proportion | percentage |
| information | data |
| males | men |
| females | women |
| from(年代) to (年代) | between (年代) and (年代), 或者 over a period of ... years |
| subway system | underground railway system/underground train system |
| store | shop |
| the number of + 可数名词复数形式 | the figure for + 可数名词复数形式 |
| the amount of something + 不可数名词的单数形式 | the figure for + 不可数名词单数形式 |
go up (went up) increase (increased) rise (rose) grow (grew)
呈现出上升趋势/下降趋势 show an upward/downward trend
decline (declined) 表示下降时绝不能用被动形式 fall (fell) drop (dropped) decrease (decreased)
fall steadily 平稳地下降 fall back to 回落至
强调上升和下降的幅度使用by by后可以是一个具体数值或者一个百分比
fluctuate (fluctuated) 不能使用被动语态 fluctuate between ... and ...
remain stable at (只要看到一根线里有一段接近水平的线) remain steady at level off at (三个短语里的at之后填入具体的数字或者百分比)
see (saw) experience (experienced) witness (witnessed)
peak at ... reach its peak at ... at后填入具体的数值或者百分数
reach its lowest point at fall to its lowest point at
stand at (stood at 表示位于多少) reach (reached 表示达到多少) 注意reach后不能跟at，及物
account for (accounted for) make up (made up) represent (represented) constitute (constituted)
expect project predict
注意一般以被动形式出现，虽然是描述未来的数字，但是它们前面的be动词仍然要用is或者are的一般现在时形式 is expected to/is projected to/is predicted to ...(后面接动词原型)
be twice as high (或者long/fast/popular等) as ... be three times as high (或者long/fast/popular等) as ...
double (doubled) increase twofold triple (tripled)
如果要表示“变成了接近原来的两倍”，“变成了比原来的两倍还多”，“几乎变成了原来的三倍”等含义，还可以使用
**almost doubled, more than doubled, was nearly three times as high as ...**等形式表达
is/are (was/were) consistently higher than ... 始终高于... is/are (was/were) consistently lower than ... 始终低于...
The gap between ... and ... narrows (narrowed) 反义句型： The gap between ... and ... widens (widened)
exceed (exceeded) 后跟阿拉伯数字或者百分数 overtake (overtook) 后跟比较的对象
sharp (sharply) rapid (rapidly) dramatic (dramatically)
steady (steadily) consistent (consistently) gradual (gradually)
consistently 表示持续地，急剧地或者稳步地都有可能, gradually/steadily特指稳步地
如果要用动词表示某个趋势延续, 常用continue
significant (significantly) noticeable (noticeably) considerable (considerably)
slight (slightly)
about around just over (略多于) just under (略小于)
approximately
respectively (多用在两组或者多组数字的后面
主体段：写1+X句，第一句总体概括本段(overview), 后面X句具体介绍该图形里的数据和趋势(details)
- 如果图形里存在着时间推移，那么该图形属于动态图，主体段的段首句就可以：
- 概括该图形的整体变化趋势(是整体上升、整体下降、波动还是保持平稳)
- 概括该图形里的哪一类数据整体上高于其他的各类数据
- 如果图形里不存在时间推移，那么该图形就属于静态图，不存在变化趋势的问题，段首句就可以：
- 概括该图形里包括哪几类数据
- 概括该图形里哪一类数据整体高于其他的各类数据
由图可见的几种写法 It is clear from the table/line graph/bar chart/pie chart that ... We can see from the (该图的类型) that ... It can be seen from the (该图的类型) that ... The (该图的类型) shows that ...
三大纪律
-
按照有规则的顺序介绍数据 如果图形里存在着时间变化(即动态图)，那么就是按照时间顺序介绍最清晰 如果图形里没有时间变化(即静态图)，那么按照从高到低排序介绍数据最清晰
-
按照合理的顺序介绍数据并不意味着一定要“地毯式”地覆盖全部数字 如果图里出现，就要老实交代的6类特征数据
特征数据 说明 起点 只要图里存在着时间变化(动态图)就肯定会有 终点 同上 变化趋势 同上，但注意：只要介绍明显的趋势即可，“事无巨细”肯定写不完 极值 包括最大值和最小值，任何关于数字的图形里必有，介绍极值体现出的是比较意识 等值 如果图形里有两个完全相同或者非常接近的数字，介绍它们同样能体现出你的比较意识 倍数关系 如果图里的两个数据之间存在着明显的倍数关系，就应当指出 -
考前认真研究table，line graph， bar chart和撇 chart的高分范例
It is clear that ... Overall, ... In summary, ...
小作文的结论并没有唯一的正确的答案，只要保持客观就可以。 对于含有多图的题，如果能够在各图之间适当解释一下联系当然更好，但是如果看不出任何联系，那么把各图再简单概括一下也同样是官方范文里常用的结论方式
-
流程图的信息比数学图标更零散，而且一环扣一环，看图时必须仔细，不漏细节
-
流程图里存在生词是完全正常的，对待生词的最好方法就是直接抄到文章里，然后不再理他，根本不影响我们写作
-
表示顺序的单词和短语一定要多用
At the first stage of the process, .../ First, / First of all, ...
At the second(或者third/forth) stage, ...
After this, / After that, = Next, = At the next stage of the process, = At the following stage of the process,
then
At this stage, / At this point,
Finally (流程曲折可以用eventually)议论文不允许用eventually替代finally
-
如果发现流程图特别复杂，那么就合并成几个大步来写(有一大堆小图，就把这些小图合并成几个大的阶段来介绍)
Map题永远都会要求考生对地图上的信息进行比较，没有进行比较的Map题就是跑题的地图作文
对建筑物不同选址的利弊进行比较
主体部分怎么分段:
按照不同的选址来划分主体段，也就是需要比较几处选址就分成几个主体段，每段各写其中一个选址的利与弊
关键在于讲清楚不同选址各自的优缺点
对某一地理区域在不同历史年代里的情况进行比较
主体部分怎么分段:
按照时间顺序划分主体段，题目中要求比较几个年代就分成几个主体段来写，每段写其中的一个历史阶段。 如果每段都很短甚至只有一两句话，可以考虑把几个很短的主题段合并为一个长主体段
历史变迁题的开头段也是改写原题，结尾段也要求做出结论，最好能概括如何发展，也可以写“本地图展示了...在...阶段的变化过程”
核心任务在于讲清同一区域在不同年代之间的异同，在多数情况只是要求清晰地介绍异同，但不涉及优劣
A is located ... A is situated ... A lies ... A is located at the center of ...
特别强调正好位于某一位置，在方位介词前加right
A is near B / A is close to B
A is next to B / A is adjacent to B
A is located on / is situated on the north-east / north-west/ south-east/ south-west corner of B.
A is located on the eastern / western/ northern/ southern boundary of the site.
The layout of
the surroundings of a building
A is located ... kilometers to the east of B
A consist of B, C and D... A is composed of B, C and D
A is occupied by ...
the rest of the site
The road runs from ... to ... The river runs / flows from ... to ...
The river / road runs through ...
A is right across from B
A is opposite B
A faces north/south. A faces a park.
The length/ width of A is ... = A is ... in length/ width
A is ... in area
rectangular, round, square, L-shaped
... is rectangular/ round/ square in shape.
about/around/approximately
cover a large area / cover a small area
A extends from ... to ... / A stretches from ... to ...
A ..., while B ... A ..., whereas B ... A ... By contrast, B ... Compared with A, B ... In comparison with A, B ... Unlike A, B ...
提议 proposal
备选的 proposed/ possible/ potential
某一选址位于... A is located 也可用 A is sited at / in ...
可以容纳 can accommodate ...
从理论上讲 In theory, / Theoretically,
在某处建造了A A was built in / was constructed in ...
在某处又增建了A A was added to .../ An addition was made to ..., which was A
改动原有的建筑或者原有场地 change/modify
A被改造成了B A was turned into / was converted into B
A从场地上移走或者拆掉了 A was removed/demolished
A被B取代了 A was replaced by B
场地上某些其他事物已经被移走了，但是A存留下来了 ..., but A remained
A被严重地破坏之后又被重建了 A was rebuilt
A被加长了 A was extended
A的面积被扩大了 A was expended
A的面积被缩小了 The size of A was reduced
A经历了某种变化 A experienced / witnessed / saw ...