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NuclearPhoenixx committed Feb 24, 2024

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Binary file added assets/images/spectra-th/Ac-225.png
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Binary file added assets/images/spectra-th/Am-241.png
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Binary file added assets/images/spectra-th/CeramicPipe.png
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Binary file added assets/images/spectra-th/Co-57.png
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Binary file added assets/images/spectra-th/Ge-68_Ga-68.png
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17 changes: 8 additions & 9 deletions collections/_spectrum/Ac-225.md
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@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
---
title: Actinium-225
collection: spectrum
header:
teaser: /assets/images/spectra-th/Ac-225.png
#date: 2022-06-07 21:00:00 +0200
last_modified_at: 2022-08-24 15:10:00 +0200

---

Actinium-225 (<sup>225</sup>Ac, Ac-225) is an isotope of actinium. It undergoes alpha decay to francium-221 with a half-life of 10 days, and is an intermediate decay product in the neptunium series (the decay chain starting at <sup>237</sup>Np). Except for minuscule quantities arising from this decay chain in nature, <sup>225</sup>Ac is entirely synthetic.
@@ -17,14 +17,13 @@ The decay properties of actinium-225 are favorable for usage in targeted alpha t

### Metadata

| Isotope: | Actinium |
| --- | --- |
| Mass number: | 225 |
| Atomic number: | 89 |
| Neutron number: | 136 |
| ... | ... |
| Isotope: | Actinium |
| --------------- | -------- |
| Mass number: | 225 |
| Atomic number: | 89 |
| Neutron number: | 136 |
| ... | ... |

### Sources and Further Read

- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium-225](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium-225)

16 changes: 8 additions & 8 deletions collections/_spectrum/Am-241.md
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---
title: Americium-241
collection: spectrum
header:
teaser: /assets/images/spectra-th/Am-241.png
#date: 2022-06-09 15:00:00 +0200
last_modified_at: 2022-08-24 15:10:00 +0200

---

Americium-241 is an isotope of americium. Like all isotopes of americium, it is radioactive, with a half-life of 432.2 years. <sup>241</sup>Am is the most common isotope of americium as well as the most prevalent isotope of americium in nuclear waste. It is commonly found in ionization type smoke detectors and is a potential fuel for long-lifetime radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs).
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ Americium-241 is an isotope of americium. Like all isotopes of americium, it is

### Metadata

| Isotope: | Americium |
| --- | --- |
| Mass number: | 241 |
| Atomic number: | 95 |
| Neutron number: | 146 |
| ... | ... |
| Isotope: | Americium |
| --------------- | --------- |
| Mass number: | 241 |
| Atomic number: | 95 |
| Neutron number: | 146 |
| ... | ... |

### Sources and Further Read

17 changes: 8 additions & 9 deletions collections/_spectrum/Ba-131.md
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---
title: Barium-131
collection: spectrum
header:
teaser: /assets/images/spectra-th/Ba-131.png
#date: 2022-06-07 21:00:00 +0200
last_modified_at: 2022-08-24 15:10:00 +0200

---

Naturally occurring barium (<sub>56</sub>Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001. There are a total of thirty-three known radioisotopes in addition to <sup>130</sup>Ba. The longest-lived of these is <sup>133</sup>Ba, which has a half-life of 10.51 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives shorter than two weeks. The longest-lived isomer is <sup>133m</sup>Ba, which has a half-life of 38.9 hours.
@@ -17,15 +17,14 @@ Of the stable isotopes, barium-138 composes 71.7% of all barium; other isotopes

### Metadata

| Isotope: | Barium |
| --- | --- |
| Mass number: | 131 |
| Atomic number: | 56 |
| Neutron number: | 75 |
| ... | ... |
| Isotope: | Barium |
| --------------- | ------ |
| Mass number: | 131 |
| Atomic number: | 56 |
| Neutron number: | 75 |
| ... | ... |

### Sources and Further Read

- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium)
- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_barium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_barium)

17 changes: 8 additions & 9 deletions collections/_spectrum/Ba-133.md
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@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
---
title: Barium-133
collection: spectrum
header:
teaser: /assets/images/spectra-th/Ba-133.png
#date: 2022-06-07 21:00:00 +0200
last_modified_at: 2022-08-24 15:10:00 +0200

---

Naturally occurring barium (<sub>56</sub>Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001. There are a total of thirty-three known radioisotopes in addition to <sup>130</sup>Ba. The longest-lived of these is <sup>133</sup>Ba, which has a half-life of 10.51 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives shorter than two weeks. The longest-lived isomer is <sup>133m</sup>Ba, which has a half-life of 38.9 hours.
@@ -17,15 +17,14 @@ Of the stable isotopes, barium-138 composes 71.7% of all barium; other isotopes

### Metadata

| Isotope: | Barium |
| --- | --- |
| Mass number: | 133 |
| Atomic number: | 56 |
| Neutron number: | 77 |
| ... | ... |
| Isotope: | Barium |
| --------------- | ------ |
| Mass number: | 133 |
| Atomic number: | 56 |
| Neutron number: | 77 |
| ... | ... |

### Sources and Further Read

- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium)
- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_barium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_barium)

17 changes: 8 additions & 9 deletions collections/_spectrum/CeramicPipe.md
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@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
---
title: Ceramic Pipe
collection: spectrum
header:
teaser: /assets/images/spectra-th/CeramicPipe.png
#date: 2022-06-07 21:00:00 +0200
last_modified_at: 2022-08-08 15:30:00 +0200

---

Parts of a ceramic drainage pipe from a house from the 1820s (roughly). Clearly shows traces of uranium and thorium, which would be used in the glaze. Somewhat similar to the uranium glaze spectrum, but an earlier version without filtering out all the other nuclides except for the uranium -- therefore likely used raw Pitchblende (compare spectrum).
Parts of a ceramic drainage pipe from a house from the 1820s (roughly). Clearly shows traces of uranium and thorium, which would be used in the glaze. Somewhat similar to the uranium glaze spectrum, but an earlier version without filtering out all the other nuclides except for the uranium -- therefore likely used raw Pitchblende (compare spectrum).

### Spectrum ([Fullscreen](/assets/spectra/CeramicPipe1820.html))

@@ -15,15 +15,14 @@ Parts of a ceramic drainage pipe from a house from the 1820s (roughly). Clearly

### Metadata

| Isotope: | --- |
| --- | --- |
| Mass number: | --- |
| Atomic number: | --- |
| Isotope: | --- |
| --------------- | --- |
| Mass number: | --- |
| Atomic number: | --- |
| Neutron number: | --- |
| ... | ... |
| ... | ... |

### Sources and Further Read

- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_tile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_tile)
- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraninite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraninite)

19 changes: 9 additions & 10 deletions collections/_spectrum/Co-57.md
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@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
---
title: Cobalt-57
collection: spectrum
header:
teaser: /assets/images/spectra-th/Co-57.png
#date: 2022-06-07 21:00:00 +0200
last_modified_at: 2022-08-24 15:10:00 +0200

---

<sup>59</sup>Co is the only stable cobalt isotope and the only isotope that exists naturally on Earth. Twenty-two radioisotopes have been characterized: the most stable, <sup>60</sup>Co, has a half-life of 5.2714 years; <sup>57</sup>Co has a half-life of 271.8 days; <sup>56</sup>Co has a half-life of 77.27 days; and <sup>58</sup>Co has a half-life of 70.86 days. All the other radioactive isotopes of cobalt have half-lives shorter than 18 hours, and in most cases shorter than 1 second.

Cobalt-57 is used as a source in Mössbauer spectroscopy of iron-containing samples. Electron capture by <sup>57</sup>Co forms an excited state of the <sup>57</sup>Fe nucleus, which in turn decays to the ground state with emission of a gamma ray. Measurement of the gamma ray spectrum provides information about the chemical state of the iron atom in the sample.
Cobalt-57 is used as a source in Mössbauer spectroscopy of iron-containing samples. Electron capture by <sup>57</sup>Co forms an excited state of the <sup>57</sup>Fe nucleus, which in turn decays to the ground state with emission of a gamma ray. Measurement of the gamma ray spectrum provides information about the chemical state of the iron atom in the sample.

Cobalt-57 is also used in medical tests; it is used as a radiolabel for vitamin B12 uptake.

@@ -19,15 +19,14 @@ Cobalt-57 is also used in medical tests; it is used as a radiolabel for vitamin

### Metadata

| Isotope: | Cobalt |
| --- | --- |
| Mass number: | 57 |
| Atomic number: | 27 |
| Neutron number: | 30 |
| ... | ... |
| Isotope: | Cobalt |
| --------------- | ------ |
| Mass number: | 57 |
| Atomic number: | 27 |
| Neutron number: | 30 |
| ... | ... |

### Sources and Further Read

- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt)
- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt)

17 changes: 8 additions & 9 deletions collections/_spectrum/Co-60.md
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@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
---
title: Cobalt-60
collection: spectrum
header:
teaser: /assets/images/spectra-th/Co-60.png
#date: 2022-06-07 21:00:00 +0200
last_modified_at: 2022-08-24 15:10:00 +0200

---

<sup>59</sup>Co is the only stable cobalt isotope and the only isotope that exists naturally on Earth. Twenty-two radioisotopes have been characterized: the most stable, <sup>60</sup>Co, has a half-life of 5.2714 years; <sup>57</sup>Co has a half-life of 271.8 days; <sup>56</sup>Co has a half-life of 77.27 days; and <sup>58</sup>Co has a half-life of 70.86 days. All the other radioactive isotopes of cobalt have half-lives shorter than 18 hours, and in most cases shorter than 1 second.
@@ -25,15 +25,14 @@ Cobalt-60 is useful as a gamma ray source because it can be produced in predicta

### Metadata

| Isotope: | Cobalt |
| --- | --- |
| Mass number: | 60 |
| Atomic number: | 27 |
| Neutron number: | 33 |
| ... | ... |
| Isotope: | Cobalt |
| --------------- | ------ |
| Mass number: | 60 |
| Atomic number: | 27 |
| Neutron number: | 33 |
| ... | ... |

### Sources and Further Read

- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt)
- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt)

17 changes: 8 additions & 9 deletions collections/_spectrum/Cr-51.md
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@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
---
title: Chromium-51
collection: spectrum
header:
teaser: /assets/images/spectra-th/Cr-51.png
#date: 2022-06-07 21:00:00 +0200
last_modified_at: 2022-08-24 15:10:00 +0200

---

Naturally occurring chromium (<sub>24</sub>Cr) is composed of four stable isotopes; <sup>50</sup>Cr, <sup>52</sup>Cr, <sup>53</sup>Cr, and <sup>54</sup>Cr with <sup>52</sup>Cr being the most abundant (83.789% natural abundance). <sup>50</sup>Cr is suspected of decaying by β<sup>+</sup>β<sup>+</sup> to <sup>50</sup>Ti with a half-life of (more than) 1.8×10<sup>17</sup> years. Twenty-two radioisotopes, all of which are entirely synthetic, have been characterized with the most stable being <sup>51</sup>Cr with a half-life of 27.7 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 24 hours.
@@ -17,15 +17,14 @@ Chromium-51 is a manmade isotope of chromium used in medicine as a radioisotopic

### Metadata

| Isotope: | Chromium |
| --- | --- |
| Mass number: | 51 |
| Atomic number: | 24 |
| Neutron number: | 27 |
| ... | ... |
| Isotope: | Chromium |
| --------------- | -------- |
| Mass number: | 51 |
| Atomic number: | 24 |
| Neutron number: | 27 |
| ... | ... |

### Sources and Further Read

- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium#Isotopes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium#Isotopes)
- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_chromium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_chromium)

17 changes: 8 additions & 9 deletions collections/_spectrum/Cs-137.md
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@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
---
title: Caesium-137
collection: spectrum
header:
teaser: /assets/images/spectra-th/Cs-137.png
#date: 2022-06-07 21:00:00 +0200
last_modified_at: 2022-08-24 15:10:00 +0200

---

Caesium-137 is a radioactive isotope of caesium that is formed as one of the more common fission products by the nuclear fission of uranium-235 and other fissionable isotopes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Trace quantities also originate from spontaneous fission of uranium-238. It is among the most problematic of the short-to-medium-lifetime fission products. Caesium-137 has a relatively low boiling point of 671 °C (1,240 °F) and is volatilized easily when released suddenly at high temperature, as in the case of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and with atomic explosions, and can travel very long distances in the air. After being deposited onto the soil as radioactive fallout, it moves and spreads easily in the environment because of the high water solubility of caesium's most common chemical compounds, which are salts.
@@ -15,16 +15,15 @@ Caesium-137 is a radioactive isotope of caesium that is formed as one of the mor

### Metadata

| Isotope: | Caesium |
| --- | --- |
| Mass number: | 137 |
| Atomic number: | 55 |
| Neutron number: | 82 |
| ... | ... |
| Isotope: | Caesium |
| --------------- | ------- |
| Mass number: | 137 |
| Atomic number: | 55 |
| Neutron number: | 82 |
| ... | ... |

### Sources and Further Read

- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium)
- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesium)
- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium-137](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium-137)

17 changes: 8 additions & 9 deletions collections/_spectrum/Er-169.md
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@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
---
title: Erbium-169
collection: spectrum
header:
teaser: /assets/images/spectra-th/Er-169.png
#date: 2022-06-07 21:00:00 +0200
last_modified_at: 2022-08-24 15:10:00 +0200

---

Naturally occurring erbium (<sub>68</sub>Er) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, with <sup>166</sup>Er being the most abundant (33.503% natural abundance). 39 radioisotopes have been characterized with between 74 and 112 neutrons, or 142 to 180 nucleons, with the most stable being <sup>169</sup>Er with a half-life of 9.4 days. It is used as a radiopharmaceutical. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3.5 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 4 minutes.
@@ -15,14 +15,13 @@ Naturally occurring erbium (<sub>68</sub>Er) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, w

### Metadata

| Isotope: | Erbium |
| --- | --- |
| Mass number: | 169 |
| Atomic number: | 68 |
| Neutron number: | 101 |
| ... | ... |
| Isotope: | Erbium |
| --------------- | ------ |
| Mass number: | 169 |
| Atomic number: | 68 |
| Neutron number: | 101 |
| ... | ... |

### Sources and Further Read

- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_erbium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_erbium)

17 changes: 8 additions & 9 deletions collections/_spectrum/Eu-152.md
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@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
---
title: Europium-152
collection: spectrum
header:
teaser: /assets/images/spectra-th/Eu-152.png
#date: 2022-06-07 21:00:00 +0200
last_modified_at: 2022-08-24 15:10:00 +0200

---

Naturally occurring europium (<sub>63</sub>Eu) is composed of 2 isotopes, <sup>151</sup>Eu and <sup>153</sup>Eu, with <sup>153</sup>Eu being the most abundant (52.2% natural abundance). While <sup>153</sup>Eu is observationally stable, <sup>151</sup>Eu was found in 2007 to be unstable and undergo alpha decay.
@@ -17,15 +17,14 @@ Besides the natural radioisotope <sup>151</sup>Eu, 36 artificial radioisotopes h

### Metadata

| Isotope: | Europium |
| --- | --- |
| Mass number: | 152 |
| Atomic number: | 63 |
| Neutron number: | 89 |
| ... | ... |
| Isotope: | Europium |
| --------------- | -------- |
| Mass number: | 152 |
| Atomic number: | 63 |
| Neutron number: | 89 |
| ... | ... |

### Sources and Further Read

- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium)
- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_europium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_europium)

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