summer2019report_firstdrafteditted.ipynb

{
  "nbformat": 4,
  "nbformat_minor": 0,
  "metadata": {
    "colab": {
      "name": "summer2019report.ipynb",
      "version": "0.3.2",
      "provenance": [],
      "collapsed_sections": [],
      "toc_visible": true,
      "include_colab_link": true
    },
    "kernelspec": {
      "name": "python3",
      "display_name": "Python 3"
    }
  },
  "cells": [
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "view-in-github",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/github/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/summer2019report_firstdrafteditted.ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "awle31N5ykbr",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "# UASB, Summer 2019\n",
        "### Nina Blahut, Shania Fang, Emily Liu, Kanha Matai, Cara Smith\n",
        "### July 3rd, 2019\n",
        "(I will make comments in each section and please keep the comments for the next submission)\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "lGzNCdLa1f38",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "##Abstract\n",
        "Since the spring of 2017, the AguaClara Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) team has been working on a the design and fabrication of a pilot-scale UASB reactor. An UASB reactor is a form of primary wastewater treatment that uses anaerobic digestion to treat the wastewater. The team has created Python code and various CAD models to record the design process and the calculations behind the reactor. In the summer of 2019, the team will be fabricating six UASB reactors at the Ithaca Area Wastewater Treatment Facility for testing and data collection.\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "TpShT1NO1jsq",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Introduction\n",
        "The organization AguaClara was founded in 2004 to focus on providing sustainable, affordable drinking water treatment in the Global South. However, the team noticed many of the communities they were serving were also in need of wastewater treatment. Traditional wastewater treatment in the United States require lots of land, long start-up times, and are expensive to build in run. This technology is not feasible for small, rural communities. Also, many wastewater treatment technologies can be prone to failure, making communities reluctant to invest.\n",
        "\n",
        "The team realized an UASB reactor could be a less expensive and sustainable way to treat wastewater in these communities. It can also be made to be gravity-powered and therefore require no electricity to run. With this in mind, the team started to work on designing an UASB reactor.\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (Can explain briefly why UASB is less expensive and more sustainable here)\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "4gfgHIlZ2Evd",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Literature Review and Previous Work\n",
        "According to [US Geological Survey](https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wuww.html) (USGS), wastewater is any kind of water used by humans. This used water may include dissolved fecal and urine matter, harmful chemicals, pathogens, and many more pollutants. Because it is full of contaminants, it's not longer safe for use. Since water is a universal solvent, it becomes difficult to separate the water from these harmful compounds. These compounds come from a variety of sources such as household wastes from toilets, sinks, baths, and drains or from factories, farming, schools, and urban runoff. As a result, billions of gallons of wastewater are produced and yet many areas in the world still lack access to wastewater treatment plants, thus making wastewater a global issue. Leaving wastewater untreated and releasing it directly back into the environment can produce devastating effects on both the environment and human health.\n",
        "\n",
        "Wastewater can also contain decaying organic matter and nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen which can cause eutrophication, a term for excess nutrients. Eutrophication then causes algae blooms, leading to oxygen-deprived conditions once the large amount of algae dies off and begins to decompose. This negatively impacts the ecosystem because the lack of oxygen makes it harder for aquatic life to survive. At high concentrations, these water pollutants and organic matter are killing marine birds, crustaceans, sea weeds, and many other organisms. Having too much nitrogen in water can also be dangerous for humans because it can cause methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) by preventing normal uptake of oxygen in the blood.\n",
        "\n",
        "Human health is also directly affected by a lack of wastewater treatment. Much of untreated wastewater eventually ends up in our rivers, streams, and sometimes ground water. It is often assumed that groundwater is pure and clean; however, it is possible for groundwater to be contaminated by wastewater seeping into the ground. ([Catherine Taylor & Joseph Yahner, 1996](https://engineering.purdue.edu/~frankenb/NU-prowd/disease.htm)). When wastewater reaches drinking water sources, it can pose significant health risks for the community. Pathogens in wastewater destroy crop production, infecting the food supply, and cause water-borne diseases. Some of the many bacteria, viruses, and parasites present in wastewater include: cholera, typhoid, giardiasis and  cryptosporidiosis. ([Catherine Taylor & Joseph Yahner, 1996](https://engineering.purdue.edu/~frankenb/NU-prowd/disease.htm)). Health risks associated with wastewater includes respiratory disease, cancer, diarrheal disease, a neurological disorder, and cardiovascular disease ([Mehtab Haseena, 2017](http://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/water-pollution-and-human-health-7925.html)).\n",
        "\n",
        "Some of the biggest issues that wastewater treatment plants face today are energy consumption and environmental footprints. Wastewater facilities typically have treatment processes that include preliminary treatment, sedimentation, chlorination, and processing sludge which are all electrically and fuel powered ([AOS, 2018](https://aosts.com/how-much-energy-does-wastewater-treatment-plant-use/)). In 2018, there were about 14,748 wastewater treatment plants in the US and electricity accounts for 90-95% of the total energy consumed at these facilities while the rest is accounted by fuels such as oil or natural gas. ([University of Michigan, 2019](http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/us-wastewater-treatment-factsheet)). Wastewater Treatment plants end up using up about 3% of the nation’s total energy consumption ([MGOe, 2019](https://www.mge.com/saving-energy/business/bea/article_detail.htm?nid=%202431)). However, not all countries have access or can afford the same resources such as money, infrastructure, materials, and technology, which makes having universal wastewater treatment plants not feasible in many parts of the world, especially more rural and less developed areas.\n",
        "\n",
        "Traditional UASB reactors are used as a preliminary wastewater treatment process to remove suspended solids organic matter in wastewater (Chong et. al, 2012). UASB reactors, instead of using fuel or electricity, rely mainly on gravity and biological processes to remove organic matter and convert it to biogas. UASB stands for Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket and a UASB reactor is a single tank process where wastewater enters the reactor and flows upward through a suspended sludge blanket. This suspended sludge blanket is made up of cultures of anaerobic microorganisms that filters and cleans wastewater by removing organic contaminants and pathogens. UASB reactors are highly efficient in treating high COD loads, biogas formation, and provide good stabilization of solids ([M.K. Daud, 2018](https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jchem/2018/1596319/)).They are less energy intensive than other forms of preliminary wastewater treatment that use aerobic processes. UASB reactors also produce methane as a byproduct of anaerobic digestion which can be captured and used for energy production or heating. However, these UASB reactors still rely on electricity.\n",
        "\n",
        "AguaClara, on the other hand, has designed a UASB reactor that solely relies on gravity. Its main function is to improve the accessibility and affordability of wastewater treatment for smaller communities that don’t have access to electricity. In January 2017, this gravity-powered UASB reactor was designed for the EPA People, Prosperity and the Planet (P3) Student Design Competition proposal. The proposed UASB reactor design focused on improving reactor design, making the system cheaper and easier to fabricate so that it could be created globally. The team later applied for Phase II funding from the same organization to support the development and implementation of additional reactors for testing and received a grant of $75,000."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "MkepF5S6z7_M",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Timeline of UASB\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Summer 2016\n",
        "The UASB team was formed in the Summer of 2016. At that point, the objective of the team was to design and implement a functional lab-scale UASB reactor to treat synthetic blackwater. Blackwater is wastewater from toilets; synthetic blackwater is a mixture of proteins, lipids and starches mixed together (usually with a few other chemicals as well; recipes for synthetic wastewater vary) In the summer of 2016, the UASB team constructed four small-scale UASB reactors and found that those small-scale reactors could successfully treat synthetic wastewater. The team also found that increased wastewater concentration and higher residence times resulted in higher biogas removal and increased Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Fall 2016\n",
        "In the fall of 2016, the UASB team underwent several changes. First, the team altered the design of the small-scale UASB reactors by implementing shorter and narrower influent lines. The team also changed the synthetic wastewater recipe. More specifically, the team substituted glucose with insoluble carbon compounds. The team also researched retention time in the reactors with fluoride tracer tests, and found a HRT of 3.22 hours in one of the reactors (close to the target of 4 hours).\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Spring 2017\n",
        "During the spring of 2017, the team worked on assessing the efficiency of two modifications to the UASB reactor: plate settlers and the submerged gas collection lid. After conducting granule settling tests, the team was unable to conclude whether or not plate settlers significantly improve solid retention time. The team also conducted a Submerged Gas Capture Lid Test and concluded that a check valve would be useful to allow for continuous collection into a gas tank without the loss of biogas.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Summer 2017\n",
        "In the summer of 2017, the UASB team continued with similar research and testing to that of the Spring 2017 semester. This time, the team determined that large, bulky plate settlers were not required for a full scale reactor. Instead, a smaller settling apparatus, such as a sloped exit weir, can achieve similar sludge retention time(SRT).\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Fall 2017\n",
        "During the fall of 2017, the UASB team made several strides. Firstly, the team settled on the critical design assumptions for the fabrication of a UASB reactor at the Ithaca Area Wastewater Treatment Facility (IAWWTF). The critical design assumptions were as follows: a reactor diameter of 3 feet, a reactor height of 7 feet, a 4 hour hydraulic residence time, and a flow rate of .036 L/s. The  team also designed a biogas capture lid. In this system, as biogas is produced in the reactor, it displaces water out from under the lid. Gas is then stored there until it is manually removed.\n",
        "\n",
        "The team also wrote Python calculations in Jupyter notebook (available on GitHub) to estimate biogas production based on COD input.\n",
        "\n",
        "Next, the team decided to add plate settlers back to the effluent tube. Plate settlers are intended to prevent dislodged granules from escaping the reactor. The fall 2017 team also worked on designing a sludge weir for the UASB reactor.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Spring 2018\n",
        "UASB continued efforts to improve the design of the pilot-scale UASB reactor in Spring 2018. A major area of focus was the influent flow system. After extensive research, the team chose top influent flow - where the wastewater flows down the inlet pipe until it reaches the bottom of tank -  in order to prevent clogs. Next, the team decided to incorporate pulse flow into the reactor to achieve the desired flow of .03 L/s. The team proposed two methods to produce pulse flow: a tipping bucket design and a siphon.\n",
        "\n",
        "UASB also worked on biogas production. The team wrote code to estimate the COD concentration of influent and the temperature of the reactor, as well as the biogas production rate based on the flow rate through the reactor. The team decided on a gas bag system to store biogas as it is flexible, easy to connect to the reactor, affordable, and easily transported. The team also wrote code to determine the required volume and dimensions for the lid of the biogas system. The team also looked into a fats, oils and greases (FOG) removal system. The conclusion was that manual skimming of FOG could always be used as a backup option.\n",
        "\n",
        "Next, the team developed the design for the pilot UASB reactor's sludge sampling and removal system. For the sludge weir, the team chose a tube with a 6 inch diameter jutting out of the reactor at the predicted height of the sludge blanket at a downwards angle with two valves.\n",
        "\n",
        "Lastly, the team wrote code to calculate the optimal size of the pilot UASB reactor's tube settler, the number of plates required, and the overall height of the settling arm.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Summer 2018\n",
        "The summer team continued work on the hydraulic design of the UASB system.  The major design project was creating the tipping bucket system to deliver wastewater in pulses. The system consists of a pivoting bucket which fills with wastewater before tipping and delivering the wastewater in a large pulse at a high flow rate. After brainstorming the idea, the team designed and tested models to determine optimal design and flow rates for the system. The team also continued developing code for the entire system, and made a Computer Aided Design (CAD) [model of the UASB reactor](https://cornell47.autodesk360.com/g/shares/SH7f1edQT22b515c761e1224485004ae7e44?viewState=NoIgbgDAdAjCA0IDeAdEAXAngBwKZoC40ARXAZwEsBzAOzXjQEMyzd1C0IBOAEx4GYeAFgBsAWgBMjAGY8xQgKwTxjLl3H8A7KoBGEABwQd-IZrQBfEAF0gA) using Fusion 360.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Fall 2018\n",
        "\n",
        "  During the fall of 2018, the team tested a benchtop UASB model in the lab. Because actual sludge granules were not readily available, the team used tapioca to model the sludge blanket. Tapioca has similar material properties as sludge, inexpensive and readily available made it a suitable alternate material. Tapioca was used to identify preferential paths in the UASB reactor. Preferential pathways are the uneven distribution of wastewater flow throughout the reactor; the presence of these make the UASB reactor less efficient.\n",
        "\n",
        "  The bench top model was a scaled down version of a real UASB reactor, made using Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). The influent was set on top perpendicular to the bottom plate and a hole was drilled at the top of the model connected with a pipe as the effluent. The team used ProCoDa software to pump the water through the influent pipe. They also added red dye to the initial pulse of water to manually to look for preferential paths.\n",
        "\n",
        "  The result of the testing shows that the layer of tapioca did not lift entirely off the bottom of the reactor, but instead it stretched as influent “wastewater” traveled through it. The red dye in the influent revealed the formation of preferential pathways through the tapioca layer.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Spring 2019\n",
        "\n",
        "  During the Spring 2019 Semester, the team focused on completing a design for the UASB reactors that will be fabricated and tested at the IAWWTP. The team decided to make reactor canisters out of 10\" diameter clear PVC pipe, so that multiple reactors could be tested at the IAWWTP to determine whether or not pulsated flow affects reactor efficiency. To design the reactors, the team made a python class to represent the hydraulics of the UASB reactors and made an onShape model of the reactors.\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Lj2JwH991BN1",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Summer 2019 Goals\n",
        "The main goal for the Summer 2019 is to complete the fabrication of the UASB reactors and get them up and running at the IAWWTP. The team must develop fabrication skills and develop best practices for the assembly of the UASB reactors. As of now, a pilot reactor barring the frame for the holding tank, has been fabricated and water tested. There was a small leak that was repaired with additional glue. Once the frame for the tipping bucket is complete, this enitre pilot reactor will be assembled and water tested. If this pilot reactor is successful, the team will build a clear reactor to install at the IAWWTP. Nearby breweries and wastewater treatment plants are still being contacted for sludge granules."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "a7POfNmj2Gr7",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Methods\n",
        "[//]: <> (Labeling your figures in general will help us understand your system, eg pivot and how water flows, and for figure 2 and 3 you can consider making a cross section view)\n",
        "\n",
        "### Experimental Apparatus\n",
        "Since the team will be testing various lifts in the UASB reactor ranging from 1 cm to 10 cm, the team must determine the pivot positions on the sides of the tipping bucket to get the proper pulse volume. The team has begun testing for pivot positions on a 1 gallon (or 3.8 L) bucket for 5 cm of lift and on a 2 gallon bucket (or 7.6 L) bucket for 10 cm of lift. According to the python calculations, 2.5 L of water is needed to create 5 cm of lift and 5 L of water is needed to create 10 cm of lift.\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Tipping%20Bucket%20with%20Pivots.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 1. Tipping Bucket with Pivots**\n",
        "\n",
        "The previous Summer 2018 team had created a frame for the tipping bucket to rest in. However, in order to decrease cost and increase convenience during testing, the team will not use a frame to hold the tipping bucket and will use a rectangular bucket with pivots screwed directly onto the sides of the bucket where there are the holes for the tested pivot positions instead.\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AguaClara/UASB/master/Images/CAD%20Influent%20System.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 2. Summer 2018 Influent bucket system**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AguaClara/UASB/master/Images/CAD%20Bucket%20and%20Frame.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 3. Summer 2018 Bucket system without tank**\n",
        "\n",
        "Goals for tipping bucket trial:\n",
        "1. Figure out pivot points for the 1 gallon bucket to pour when the water level within the bucket reaches 2.5 L.\n",
        "2. Figure out pivot points for the 2 gallon bucket to pour when the water level within the bucket reaches 5 L.\n",
        "3. Adjust design and materials for additional support and stability to prevent materials from wearing down.\n",
        "\n",
        "*Trials with asterisks indicate adjustments made during trials that are mentioned below the tables.*\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "14QXCacy8axM",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "\n",
        "## Procedure\n",
        "The team set up its experiments by first securing the hinges for the tipping bucket onto 80-20 extrusions, which were clamped down parallel to one another on stools. Then, the tipping bucket pivots were placed on those brackets, as is shown in the image below. \n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (label and caption your figure)\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/turntippingbucket.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "Once the team set up the experiment, it measured out a bucket of 5 L of water. Then the team dumped water slowly from that bucket into the tipping bucket until the bucket tipped over. The team checked to see whether or not the bucket emptied completely, and then subtratcted the remaining volume of water from the 5 L bucket from the original 5 L to determine the volume of the dump from the tipping bucket. The team then recorded this volume along with the pivot positions as measured from the center of the side of the tipping bucket. "
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "_Nn9zXKc-Fjq",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Results and Analysis\n",
        "\n",
        "**Table 1. Summer 2019 1 Gallon Tipping Bucket Trial Results**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "| Trial | Horizonatal Pivot Position (cm) | Vertical Pivot Position (cm) | Volume Poured Out (L) | Emptied Completely? |\n",
        "| --- | :---: | :---: | :---: | ---: |\n",
        "| 1    | 0.5  | 0 | 1.5 | yes |\n",
        "| 2 | 0.5 | 2 | 0 | x |\n",
        "|3   | 1 | 1 | 1.8 | x |\n",
        "|4   | 1 | 2 | x |  x |\n",
        "|5   | 1 | 1  | 2 | yes |\n",
        "| 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | yes |\n",
        "|**7**  | 1 | 1 | 2.3 | yes |\n",
        "| 8 | 1 | 2 | x | x |\n",
        "|9 | 0.75 | 1 | 2.5 | yes |\n",
        "|10 | 0.75 |1 | 2.6 | yes |\n",
        "| **11** | 0.75 | 1 | 2.45 | yes |\n",
        "\n",
        "Trial **7**: new brackets made specifically for 1 inch pivots and continuous pouring method \n",
        "\n",
        "Trial **11**: final test with wall reinforcements and new pivots made out of PVC instead of HDPE\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (include the above two lines in the caption for your table and same with following tables)\n",
        "\n",
        "**Table 2. Summer 2019 2 Gallon Tipping Bucket Trial Results**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "| Trial | Horizonatal Pivot Position (cm) | Vertical Pivot Position (cm) | Volume Poured Out (L) | Emptied Completely? |\n",
        "| --- | :---: | :---: | :---: | ---: |\n",
        "|1| 1 | 1 | 4.6 | yes | \n",
        "|2| 1 | 1 | 4.35 | yes | \n",
        "|3| 1 | 1.5 | 4 | x | \n",
        "|4*| 1 | 1.5 | 4.5 | x | \n",
        "|5*| 1 | 1 | 5 | yes | \n",
        "|6| 1 | 1 | 4.4 | yes | \n",
        "|7| 1 | 1.5 | 4.8 | no |\n",
        "|8| 1.5 | 1.5 | 2 | no |\n",
        "|9| 0.75 | 1 | 4.6 | no | \n",
        "|10| 1.25 | 1.5 | 3.8 | no | \n",
        "|11| 1.25 | 1.5 | 3.8 | no |\n",
        "|12| 1.25 | 1.25 | 4.5 | yes | \n",
        "|13| 1 | 1.25 | 4.6 | yes |\n",
        "|14| 1 | 1.25 | 4.6 | yes |\n",
        "|15*| 1 |1.25 | 4.7 | yes | \n",
        "|16| 1.25 | 1.25 | 4.5 | yes | \n",
        "|17| 1.25 | 1.25 | 4.6 | yes | \n",
        "|18| 1 | 1 | 4.4 | yes | \n",
        "|19| 0.75 | 1 | 4.9 | yes | \n",
        "|20| 0.75 | 1 | 4.9 | yes |\n",
        "\n",
        "Trial **4**: started using new brackets made for 1 inch pivots, continuous pouring method \n",
        "\n",
        "Trial **5**: started using wall reinforcements made out of HDPE around the pivot points \n",
        "\n",
        "Trial **15**: started using new pivots made from PVC instead of HDPE\n",
        "\n",
        "The most important conclusion from the tipping bucket trials is that to build a 2 gallon tipping bucket that creates 10 cm of lift in the body of the reactor per pulse from the tipping bucket and a 1 gallon tipping bucket that creates 5 cm of lift in the body of the reactor per pulse from the tipping bucket, the pivots should be positioned .75 cm horizontally offcenter and 1 cm vertically offcenter. \n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (anything you include in the report should be important and so i would suggest saying the results suggested instead of the most important conclusion)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "4b2T4GxIIo0c",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## 2019 TechConnect\n",
        "\n",
        "UASB (along with fellow AguaClara subteam Ram Pump) was invited to the 2019 TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo as the result of winning the EPA P3 Phase II grant this past spring. Members of the team presented the work done to develop gravity-powered wastewater treatment through the use of UASB reactors, as well as general information on AguaClara. View the poster presentation from the conference [here](https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Posters%20and%20Presentations/2019%20TechConnect%20Conference%20Poster.pdf).\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (include this section in your github readme instead of your report)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "uQBlaQNP-VJA",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Future Work & Conclusion\n",
        "The main objective for the subsequent reporting period is to fabricate several UASB reactors and install them at the IAWWTF. The process and details of the fabrication are listed in the manual below. These reactors will then be tested with varied hydraulic residence times and different methods of influent flow (i.e. pulsed vs. continuous flow) The effluent quality will then be measured using COD tests to determine an optimal UASB reactor design.\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (explain why are you doing your future works)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ZXUik5SH-YFM",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Bibliography\n",
        "\n",
        "- AOS Treatment Solutions. “How Much Energy Does a Wastewater Treatment Plant Use?” AOS Treatment Solutions, AOS Treatment Solutions, LLC, March 1 2018, https://aosts.com/how-much-energy-does-wastewater-treatment-plant-use/\n",
        "\n",
        "- Catherine Taylor & Joseph Yahner. “Wastewater Treatment Protects Small Community Life, Health.” On-Site Wastewater Disposal and Public Health, Purdue University, Summer 1996, https://engineering.purdue.edu/~frankenb/NU-prowd/disease.htm\n",
        "\n",
        "- Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. 2018. \"U.S. Wastewater Treatment Factsheet.\" Pub. No. CSS04-14, http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/us-wastewater-treatment-factsheet\n",
        "\n",
        "- Cho, S.h., et al. “Settling Velocity Model of Activated Sludge.” Water Research, vol. 27, no. 7, 1993, pp. 1237–1242., doi:10.1016/0043-1354(93)90016-b.\n",
        "\n",
        "- M. K. Daud, Hina Rizvi, Muhammad FarhanAkram, Shafaqat Ali, Muhammad Rizwan,Muhammad Nafees, and Zhu Shui Jin. “Review of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor Technology: Effect of Different Parameters and Developments for Domestic Wastewater Treatment.” Journal of Chemistry, Hindawi, 2018, https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jchem/2018/1596319/\n",
        "\n",
        "- Mehtab Haseena*, Muhammad Faheem Malik, Asma Javed, Sidra Arshad, Nayab Asif, Sharon Zulfiqar and Jaweria Hanif. “Water pollution and human health.” Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation,Allied Academies, July 13 2017, http://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/water-pollution-and-human-health-7925.html\n",
        "\n",
        "- Miranda, L. A. S., et al. “Use Of A Griffith Tube To Evaluate The Anaerobic Sludge Sedimentation In A Uasb Reactor Treating An Effluent With Long-Chain Fatty Acids.” Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 34, no. 1, 2017, pp. 131–141., doi:10.1590/0104-6632.20170341s20150427.\n",
        "\n",
        "- MGOe. “Wastewater Treatment Plants.”Your Community Energy C\n",
        "ompany, Madison Gas and Electric Company, 2019, https://www.mge.com/saving-energy/business/bea/article_detail.htm?nid=%202431\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "- Perlman, Howard. “Wastewater Treatment Water Use.” The USGS Water Science School, US Geological Survey, Dec. 2 2016, https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wuww.html\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (use apa format)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "EvBA8kN4-dty",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Manual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "yfoW16_iACYt",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Fabrication Details\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "So far the team has began practicing fabrication to develop best practices for the fabrication of the UASB reactors at the IAWWTP. Here is a link to the [CAD model](https://cad.onshape.com/documents/53ab6bf4dad0f6e53a3d53e2/w/d059456663ed700ebb9a2f16/e/29660576307cd46c4ec811dc) the team designed in Spring 2019. Below is a procedure for the fabrication of UASB reactors.\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "** A separate spreadsheet used by the team is linked [here](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ICbSms1pXwmJEjIxRHFmrAhcx-y6EK_8H0kFIyB1OXM/edit?usp=sharing).\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (include screenshots of your cad models and label them)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "6ZUZ6U2-elwY",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Tipping Bucket Influent System\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (include catelog number and pquantity of each item)\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Materials:\n",
        "| Item | Purpose | Dimensions | Cost | Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |\n",
        "| LLDPE Plastic Tank | Holding Tank | 18\" x 12\" x 18\" | 88.57 | https://www.usplastic.com/catalog/item.aspx?itemid=125824 |         \n",
        "| LDPE Welding Rod| Welding Brackets to the Holding Tank | 5/32\" Diameter, 135' long| 10.61 | https://www.mcmaster.com/#7889a38/=1djicjq|\n",
        "| LDPE Plastic Sheet |Brackets | 6\" x 12\" x 1.5\"  | 34.94 | https://www.mcmaster.com/#8657k337/=1djix0x |\n",
        "| 1 Gallon Rectangular Bucket **or** 2 Gallon Rectangular Bucket |   Bucket    |   No dimensions specified                      | 2.48  **or** 4.09 | https://www.usplastic.com/catalog/item.aspx?itemid=123948&catid= **or** https://www.usplastic.com/catalog/item.aspx?itemid=123949&catid= |\n",
        "| Fully Threaded PVC Plastic Hex Head Screw | Secures Pivots and Support to Bucket | 1/4\"-20 Thread Size, 3/4\" Long | 8.64 | https://www.mcmaster.com/95841a540 |\n",
        "| PVC Rod | Pivots | 1\" Diameter, 1' Length | 5.83 | https://www.mcmaster.com/87025K39 |\n",
        "| 1/4\" PVC Sheet  | Support for sides of Bucket  |12\" x 12\" x 1/4\" | 11.33| https://www.mcmaster.com/8747k114|\n",
        "| PVC On/Off Valve for Drinking Water, PTFE/HDPE Seat, 1 Socket-Weld Female | Drain valve | 1\" diameter, 3 3/8\" length | 13.67 | https://www.mcmaster.com/4876k13 |\n",
        "|4\" Pipe| Pulse PIpe| 4\" ID, 4' Length | 73.61 | https://www.mcmaster.com/49035k51|\n",
        "|4\" Bulkhead | Attach 4\" Pipe to Holding Tank | 5 3/4\" hole, 5 3/4\" Length | 137.70 |https://www.mcmaster.com/36895k128|\n",
        "|4\" to 1.5\" reducer | Attach 4\" pipe to 1\" pipe | 4\" length | 14.86 | https://www.mcmaster.com/4693K54 |\n",
        "|1\" Pipe | Emergency Drain Pipe | 1\" ID, 2' Length | 11.98 | https://www.mcmaster.com/49035k45|\n",
        "|1\" Bulkhead | Attach Emergency Drain Pipe to Holding Tank | 1 7/8\" hole, 3 7/8\" Length | 18.68 | https://www.mcmaster.com/36895k113?fbclid=IwAR3yYzf54CMgy65B0vPiV2XX4lhcfwmUYFfB6v5XjXpglIFXSAJ1qbUSTnw |\n",
        "\n",
        "##### Total Price:\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Tools:\n",
        "- Power drill\n",
        "  - 1/4\" drill bit\n",
        "  - 5 3/4\" hole saw\n",
        "- Mill\n",
        "  - 7/32\" drill bit\n",
        "- tap wrench\n",
        "  - 1/4\"-20 tap\n",
        "- Welding Kit\n",
        "- Band Saw\n",
        "- Clamps\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Procedure:\n",
        "1. Measure and mark where the middle of the bucket is on both sides of the bucket with the largest surface area.\n",
        "2. Make a mark 0.75 cm horizontally from the center and 1 cm above the center on each side of the bucket. Make sure that the marks are aligned.\n",
        "3. Use a power drill and 1/4\" drill bit to drill a hole on the off-centered marks drawn in the previous step.\n",
        "4. Cut two pivots from the PVC rod with a band saw to appropriate size to fit within the LLDPE plastic tank. (2 gallon bucket: 2 1/8\" pivots; 1 gallon bucket: 3 1/8\" pivots)\n",
        "5. Using a mill and a 7/32\" drill bit, drill a hole into the middle of one of the flat sides of each pivot.\n",
        "6. Use a band saw to cut two 2\" x 2\" squares from the 1/4\" PVC sheet to reinforce the sides of the tipping bucket.\n",
        "7. Drill a 1/4\" hole into the middle of both squares.\n",
        "8. Use a 1/4\"-20 plastic screw to secure the squares of HDPE sheet to the insides of bucket and the pivots to the outsides of the bucket as shown in the picture below.\n",
        "9. Cut out a 4\" x 3\" rectangle from the LDPE plastic sheet to begin making the brackets.\n",
        "10. From the cut out rectangle, cut a smaller rectangle 2\" x 1\" rectangle to make a shape that resembles a \"U\". Make sure the rectangle is cut so that the longer sides of both the cut out rectangle and the bracket are parallel.\n",
        "11. Cut the bracket in half to create two brackets.\n",
        "12. Weld brackets to the inside of the LDPE holding tank. The bottom of the bracket should be 9\" above the bottom of the tank, one side of the bracket should be 7 3/4\" away from the side of the tank and the other side should be 6 1/2\" from the other side. \n",
        "13. Drill a 5 3/4\" hole into the bottom of the holding tank 11 1/2\" from the opposite side measured for the brackets.\n",
        "14. Fit the balket and pipe fitting inside the hole with the 4\" diameter pipe.\n",
        "15. Fit a 4\" to 1 1/2\" reducer on the opposite side of the 4\" diameter pipe.\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7 show what the tipping bucket and holding tank should look like when correctly assembled.\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (labeling these figures would be very helpful)\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 4. Top View of Tipping Bucket .**\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Top%20View%20of%20Tipping%20Bucket%20with%20Pivots.jpg?raw=true\">  \n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 5. Influent System.**\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Influent%20System.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 6. Top View of Holding Tank with Brackets.**\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Top%20View%20of%20Holding%20Tank%20with%20Bracket%20.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 7. Side View of Holding Tank**\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AguaClara/UASB/master/Images/holding%20tank%20side%20view.jpg\">\n",
        "\n",
        "### Holding Tank Frame\n",
        "#### Materials:\n",
        "| Item | Purpose | Dimensions | Cost | Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |\n",
        "| Two 1\"x2\" 80/20 Extrusions | Holding Tank Frame | 2\" High x 1\" Wide, 6' Length | 60.78 | https://www.mcmaster.com/80/20-compatible-t-slotted-framing-47065T125 |\n",
        "|Two 1\"x1\" 80/20 Extrusions | Holding Tank Frame | 1\" High x 1\" Wide, 4' Length | 24.62 | https://www.mcmaster.com/47065t101-47065T121|\n",
        "| Eight Silver Corner Bracket | Support Frame | 2\" Height, 2\" Length | 63.28 | https://www.mcmaster.com/47065T253 |\n",
        "| Eight Silver Corner Surface Bracket for 1\" High Single Rail| Support Frame | 1\" Rail Height, 3\" Length | 60.96 | https://www.mcmaster.com/47065t267|\n",
        "|Compact-Head End-Feed Fastener| Support Frame | \t1/4\"-20 Thread Size, \t1/2\" Length | 37.00| https://www.mcmaster.com/47065t139|\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Tools:\n",
        "- Drill Press\n",
        "  - 1 1/2\" hole saw\n",
        "- Allen Wrench\n",
        "- Hand Saw\n",
        "- Vice Grip\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Procedure:\n",
        "1. Take two pieces of 2\"x1\" 80/20 extrusions, and use a handsaw to cut two 18.5\" pieces, two 13\" pieces, and two 2' pieces.\n",
        "2. Take the 1\"x1\" 80/20 extrusions and use a handsaw to cut four 19\" pieces.\n",
        "3. Take the 2' long 2\"x1\" 80/20 extrusions. Using the drill press and a 1 1/2\" hole saw, drill two holes into each extrusion and \n",
        "4.\n",
        "5.\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (^^is the above completed?)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-51QMnAHfnJt",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "\n",
        "### Reactor Body\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Materials:\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (same comment as above materials table)\n",
        "\n",
        "| Item | Purpose | Dimensions | Cost | Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- |:---| :--- | :--- | :--- |\n",
        "| 10\" Clear PVC Pipe | Reactor Body | 10\" diameter, 8' height | 760.70 | https://www.mcmaster.com/49035k97  |\n",
        "| 2\" PVC Pipe | Attaches fernco to 1.5\" diameter pipes | 2\" diameter, 5' height | 10.80 | https://www.mcmaster.com/48925K96  |\n",
        "| Two Bolt Kits | Secure Flanges to the PVC Pipe | Bolts: 8\" x 5\" Long | 161.60 | https://www.pvcfittingsonline.com/10bk-10-bolt-kit-for-flange-to-flange-stainless-steel.html |\n",
        "| Two 10\" Gaskets | Creates water tight seal between pipe and flanges | 10\" diameter | 31.50 | https://www.pvcfittingsonline.com/155g1258ff150-8-full-faced-epdm-gasket-6950.html |\n",
        "| Two 10\" Blind Flanges | End cap on top and bottom of reactor | 10\" diameter | 387.12 | https://www.pvcfittingsonline.com/10-schedule-80-pvc-blind-flange-853-100.html |\n",
        "| Two 10\" flanges | End cap on top and bottom of reactor | 10\" diameter | 125.08 | https://www.pvcfittingsonline.com/854-100-10-schedule-80-pvc-molded-flange.html |\n",
        "| Four Leveling Stands | Stabilizes reactor | 4\" Long 7/8\"-9 Threaded Stud |151.00 | https://www.mcmaster.com/6111k249 |\n",
        "| Four 2\" to 1.5\" ferncos | Connects 1.5\" pipes to 2\" pipes | 3 7/16\" Length | 20.92 | https://www.mcmaster.com/4511k74 |\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Tools:\n",
        "  - Power Drill\n",
        "    - 2 3/8\" hole saw\n",
        "    - 1/4\" drill bit\n",
        "  - PVC Cement\n",
        "  - [Drill Guide](https://www.amazon.com/Milescraft-1318-DrillMate-Drill-Guide/dp/B014A1Z92I/ref=sr_1_3?crid=YUZ7A9J9557X&keywords=drill+guide&qid=1562097399&s=gateway&sprefix=drill+g%2Caps%2C138&sr=8-3)\n",
        "    - 1/4\" drill rod\n",
        "  - Band Saw\n",
        "    - angle guide\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Procedure:\n",
        "1. Drill two 2 3/8\" holes into the 10\" PVC using a hole saw. One hole is 16\" from the bottom of the reactor, and the other is 11 1/2\" from the top of the reactor. Make sure that these holes are on opposite sides of the reactor. These holes will be the effluent and the influent.\n",
        "2. Using the drill guide, drill two 1/4\" holes at a 45° angle. One hole is 11 1/2\" from the top of the reactor and the other is 16 1/2 inches from the top of the reactor.  Then, attach a 1' long 1/4\" rod to the drill saw with a 2 3/8\" hole saw. Use the 1/4\" holes as a guide to drill 2 3/8\" holes at a 45° angle. The holes will need to be drilled from inside and outside of the 10\" PVC. These holes will be the sludge weir and the FOG pipe.\n",
        "3. Cut two 4.6\" length 2\" diameter PVC pipe, one for the FOG pipe and another for the sludge weir\n",
        "4. Cut two 2.75\" length 2\" diameter PVC pipe, one for the influent and one for the effluent\n",
        "5. Use primer and PVC cement to fit the 2.75\" length pipes into the holes that are not at a 45° angle and the 4.6\" length pipes into the holes that are at a 45° angle making sure that there is enough space on the pipe sticking out of the body to fit 2\" to 1.5\" reducer. Insert the 2\" PVC pipe into the hole in the 10\" pipe and apply primer and then PVC cement liberally to ensure that all of the gaps are filled. Use a clamp or block to support the new connection. Allow to dry completely for 24 hours.\n",
        "6. Place 2\" to 1.5\" reducers on each 2\" pipe.\n",
        "7. For the influent pipes, cut a 9.25\" length 1.5\" diameter pipe and a 71.5\" length 1.5\" diameter pipe\n",
        "8. Fit the 9.25\" length pipe into the influent reducer, and then place an elbow on both ends of the pipe. Make sure that the elbow inside the reactor is in the middle of the reactor and facing down. Also make sure that the other elbow is facing up.\n",
        "9. Attach the 71.5\" length pipe to the elbow that is facing up.\n",
        "10. For the FOG and sludge weir pipes, cut two 24\" length 1.5\" diameter pipes. Then using the angle guide with the band saw, cut one end of each pipe at a 45° angle. \n",
        "11. Fit the 24\" pipes into the reducers making sure that the cut side of the pipe goes into the reactor and is twisted so that the cut side is flat when looking into the top of the reactor.\n",
        "12. Attach the valves onto the 1.5\" FOG and sludge weir pipes.\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (inclusing pictures during fabrication will also be very helpful for future teams)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "haMcnRrCfVm8",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "### FOG and Sludge Weir\n",
        "#### Materials:\n",
        "| Item | Purpose | Dimensions |  Cost| Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- |:---| :--- | :--- | :--- |\n",
        "| 1.5\" pipe\t| FOG and Sludge Weir |\t1.5\" ID, 4' Length | \n",
        "| Two 1.5\" Socket-Weld On/Off Valves for Drinking Water | Valve for removing excess sludge and FOG | for 1.5\" pipe | 55.26 | https://www.mcmaster.com/4876k25 |\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Tools:\n",
        "- Band saw\n",
        "- \n",
        "\n",
        "#### Procedure:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "3gHQpqTOe7WP",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Effluent System\n",
        "#### Materials:\n",
        "\n",
        "| Item | Purpose | Dimensions |  Cost| Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- |:---| :--- | :--- | :--- |\n",
        "| 1.5\" pipe | 2\n",
        "| Two 1.5\" elbow | Effluent Pipe | for 1.5\" pipe | 2.32 | https://www.mcmaster.com/4880K103|\n",
        "| Two 1.5\" Tee fitting | To test effluent and maintain air pressure | for 1.5\" pipe | 3.08 | https://www.mcmaster.com/4880k45 |\n",
        "| 1.5\" endcap\t| Prevent any effluent from entering the end of the pipe | for 1.5\" pipe | 0.78 | https://www.mcmaster.com/4880k55 |\n",
        "|1.5\" Socket-Weld On/Off Valves for Drinking Water | Valve for testing effluent water | for 1.5\" pipe | 26.25 | https://www.mcmaster.com/4876k25 |\n",
        "\n",
        "### Tools:\n",
        "- Drill Press\n",
        "- Hand Saw\n",
        "- Band Saw\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Procedure:\n",
        "\n",
        "11\" pipe for effluent\n",
        "- end cap on one end\n",
        "elbow on the other end to fit it into reactor boday\n",
        "- middle 0.625 0.375in\n",
        "- holes are spaced 0.375in apart from center to center\n",
        "- star making holes 1.25in from end\n",
        "- keep going until 4.5in from end\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (try to follow the same format for all fab sections)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Ks6ALZO2GH_E",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Python Code\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "RwKjgVDSpalJ",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "colab": {}
      },
      "source": [
        "#you will have to add this code block or else you code would not tun\n",
        "!pip install aguaclara"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "JRY9yYUzSU_A",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "ac15f188-3d26-417c-b5aa-0f775759fe9f",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 368
        }
      },
      "source": [
        "import aguaclara.core.head_loss as minorloss\n",
        "from aguaclara.core.units import unit_registry as u\n",
        "from aguaclara.core import physchem as pc\n",
        "from aguaclara.core import pipes as pipes\n",
        "from aguaclara.core import head_loss as HL\n",
        "from aguaclara.core import utility as ut\n",
        "from aguaclara.core import constants as con\n",
        "from aguaclara.research import floc_model as fm\n",
        "import pandas as pd\n",
        "import numpy as np\n",
        "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
        "\n",
        "pipes.OD(2*u.inch)\n",
        "6/16\n",
        "pipes.ID_sch40(4*u.inch)\n",
        "class UASBtest:\n",
        "  def __init__(\n",
        "          self,\n",
        "          temp = 10 * u.degC, #estimated temp at IAAWTF\n",
        "          pipe_diam = 1.0 * u.inch, #diameter of the influent pipe\n",
        "          n_elbows = 2, #the number of elbows in the influent pipe\n",
        "          pipe_roughness = .0015 * u.mm, # PVC pipe roughness\n",
        "          time_dump = 2* u.s, #NOTE: get better value with actual testing, this is a rough estimate\n",
        "          UASB_diameter = 10 * u.inch,\n",
        "          UASB_height = 8 * u.ft, #this height refers to the height of the pipe that is used to make the UASB canister, NOT the water level in the UASB.\n",
        "          HRT = 4 * u.hr, #minimum HRT of wastewater in reactor for adequate treatment NOTE: some studies have shown 6 hrs is optimal\n",
        "          target_upflow_vel= 10 * u.m/u.hr, #target up flow velocity to fluidize sludge blanket\n",
        "          diameter_drain_pipe = 4 * u.inch, #diameter of the pipe that connects the holding tank to influent pipe ( 3 inches was chosen so that the area was similar to that of one section in drain tank in previous design.)\n",
        "          descending_sewage_vel= .2 * u.m/u.s, #Maximum velocity that will allow air bubbles to rise out of reactor. Must only be achieved in beginning of influent pipe systems, not throughout.\n",
        "          ww_gen_rate = 10.8 * u.L/u.hr, #Wastewater Generation per Person\n",
        "          angle_sludge_weir=60*u.degrees, #angle of sludge weir\n",
        "          percent_sludge= .7, #based on summer 2018 team research\n",
        "          diam_sludge_granules = .5 * u.mm, #this is the lower end of range of diameters for sludge, goes up to 3 mm https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070658/ so this would correspond to a slower setting particle\n",
        "          rho_sludge= 1383 * u.g/u.L, #density of sludge granules. source:https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i4/SUB153022.pdf\n",
        "          rho_water=1 *u.g/u.mL,\n",
        "          lift= 10*u.cm, #to make sure that lift height is significant\n",
        "          effluent_pipe_diameter=1*u.inch,\n",
        "          tippingbucket_diameter=6.25 * u.inch\n",
        "\n",
        "):\n",
        "      \"\"\"Instantiate a UASB object, representing a real UASB component.\n",
        "      :param Q: Flow rate of water water through the UASB.\n",
        "      :type Q: float * u.L/u.s\n",
        "      :param temp: Water temperature of the UASB\n",
        "      :type temp: float * u.degC\n",
        "      :param cannister_diam: diameter of the UASB canister\n",
        "      :type cannister_diam: float * u.ft\n",
        "      :param effluent_H: height of effluent line in UASB\n",
        "      :type effluent_H: float * u.ft\n",
        "      :param vol_dump: volume of one complete dump from tipping bucket\n",
        "      :type vol_dump: float * u.L\n",
        "      :param pipe_diam: ID of the influent pipes\n",
        "      :type pipe_diam: float * u.inch\n",
        "      :param n_elbows: number of 90 degree elbows per influent pipe\n",
        "      :type n_elbows: float * dimensionless\n",
        "      :param pipe_roughness: roughness of influent pipes\n",
        "      :type pipe_roughness: float * u.m\n",
        "      :returns: object\n",
        "      :rtype: UASB\n",
        "      \"\"\"\n",
        "      self.temp = temp\n",
        "      self.pipe_diam = pipes.ID_sch40(pipe_diam)\n",
        "      self.n_elbows = n_elbows\n",
        "      self.pipe_roughness = pipe_roughness\n",
        "      self.time_dump = time_dump\n",
        "      self.UASB_diameter = pipes.ID_sch40(UASB_diameter)\n",
        "      self.HRT = HRT\n",
        "      self.target_upflow_vel=target_upflow_vel\n",
        "      self.diameter_drain_pipe=pipes.ID_sch40(diameter_drain_pipe)\n",
        "      self.descending_sewage_vel=descending_sewage_vel\n",
        "      self.percent_sluge=percent_sludge\n",
        "      self.UASB_height=UASB_height\n",
        "      self.effluent_pipe_diameter=pipes.ID_sch40(effluent_pipe_diameter)\n",
        "      self.ww_gen_rate=ww_gen_rate\n",
        "      self.lift=lift\n",
        "      self.tippingbucket_diameter=tippingbucket_diameter\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def UASB_area(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function calculates the surface area of the UASB canister \"\"\"\n",
        "    area= pc.area_circle(self.UASB_diameter)\n",
        "    return area\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def vol_dump(self):\n",
        "    vol=self.lift*self.UASB_area\n",
        "    return vol\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def area_drain_pipe(self):\n",
        "    area=pc.area_circle(self.diameter_drain_pipe)\n",
        "    return area\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def HG_per_dump(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function calculates the head gain per dump, assuming that the water level in the canister is in line with the bottom of the \"drain pipe\" that connects the holding tank to the 1 inch influent pipe \"\"\"\n",
        "    HG=self.vol_dump/self.area_drain_pipe\n",
        "    return HG\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def length_drain_pipe(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function calculates the length of the drain pipe necessary so that the volume of 1 dump from the tipping bucket fills the drain pipe\"\"\"\n",
        "    h=(self.HG_per_dump).to(u.inch)\n",
        "    return h  \n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def water_level_height(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function determines the height of the water level in the reactor. The water level is supposed to be in line with the bottom of the drain pipe\"\"\"\n",
        "    #NOTE: how much \"safety\" do we want here? also, are\n",
        "    return self.UASB_height\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def volume_UASB(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"this function calculates volume of liquid inside UASB reactor, not including influent pipes\"\"\"\n",
        "    vol=self.UASB_area*self.water_level_height\n",
        "    return vol\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def flow_rate_avg(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"this function estimates the max flow rate, given min HRT and volume of fluid inside canister, that the UASB can handle\"\"\"\n",
        "    Qmax=(self.volume_UASB)/self.HRT\n",
        "    return Qmax\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def upflow_vel_avg(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"this function calculates the average up flow velocity of in the UASB canister\"\"\"\n",
        "    up_v=self.flow_rate_avg/self.UASB_area\n",
        "    return up_v\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def aggregate_k(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function calculates  the aggregate minor loss coefficient of the drain system from the holding tank into the 'canister' aka the 10 inch clear PVC pipe\"\"\"\n",
        "    influent_K=self.n_elbows*minorloss.EL90_K_MINOR+minorloss.PIPE_EXIT_K_MINOR+minorloss.PIPE_ENTRANCE_K_MINOR\n",
        "    return influent_K\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def drain_time(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function calculates how long it takes for a dump from the tipping bucket to drain into the tank, assuming that the bottom of the drain pipe (which connects the 1.5 inch pipe to the holding tank) is in line with the water level in the canister and does not begin draining out until the dump is complete. Note that this time should be approximately the same as the time it takes for the tipping bucket to fill up/fast enough to produce desired up flow velocity in the tank\"\"\"\n",
        "    #NOTE: should we include minor loss from holding tank to drain tank, or assume water just starts from drain tank\n",
        "    #NOTE: drain time also might drastically underestimate actual drain time, since all the water from the tipping bucket won't necessarily go straight into the drain pipe from the tipping bucket, but could linger around the bottom of the holding tank.  \n",
        "    time = 8*self.area_drain_pipe/(np.pi*(self.pipe_diam)**2)*(self.HG_per_dump*self.aggregate_k/(2*pc.gravity))**(1/2)\n",
        "    return time    \n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def upflow_velocity_pulse_average(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"this function estimates the average upflow velocity in the canister during a pulse by dividing the time it takes for a dump from the tipping bucket to drain into the system to get a \"pulse flow rate\" and then dividing that by the cross sectional area of the UASB to get an estimate for \"pulse up flow velocity\"\"\"\n",
        "    UASB_Q_dump=self.vol_dump/self.drain_time ##calculate flow rate through UASB as water from a dump of tipping bucket flows through the system\n",
        "    up_vel=UASB_Q_dump/self.UASB_area\n",
        "    return up_vel.to(u.m/u.s)\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def bucket_fill_time(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function determines the estimated time it will take the tipping bucket to fill, using the estimated volume of one dump from the new, smaller tipping bucket size and the flow rate of water entering the UASB, according to the function flow_rate_max\"\"\"\n",
        "    UASB_Q_dump=self.vol_dump/self.drain_time #calculate flow rate through UASB as water from a dump of tipping bucket flows through the system\n",
        "    up_vel=UASB_Q_dump/self.UASB_area\n",
        "    return up_vel.to(u.m/u.s)\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def num_people_served(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function estimates the number of people that could be served by a UASB reactor of this size\"\"\"\n",
        "    num=self.flow_rate_avg/self.ww_gen_rate\n",
        "    num=num.to(u.dimensionless)\n",
        "    return num\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def pivot_height(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function estimates the height of the pivots on the tipping bucket, so that the bucket will dump at desired volume\"\"\"\n",
        "    return (self.vol_dump/pc.area_circle(self.tippingbucket_diameter)).to(u.inch)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def biogas_produced_rate(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function estimates the amount of biogas that will be produced by the reactor \"\"\"\n",
        "    COD=self.influent_BOD/.6\n",
        "    COD_rem = COD * .7 #Assuming .5% efficency of COD removal and conversion in reactor\n",
        "    BGMax = (COD_rem * 0.378 * self.flow_rate_avg * (u.ml/u.mg)).to(u.L/u.day) #Theoretical Production, from Fall 2014 UASB team report\n",
        "    BGMin = (COD_rem * 0.06 * self.flow_rate_avg * (u.ml/u.mg)).to(u.L/u.day)  #Production using minimum value from Van Lier report\n",
        "    BGAvg = (COD_rem * 0.16 * self.flow_rate_avg * (u.ml/u.mg)).to(u.L/u.day)#Production using average value from Spring 2014 tests\n",
        "    return [BGMax, BGAvg, BGMin]\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def biogas_produced_rate_2(self):  \n",
        "    return (self.flow_rate_avg/10).to(u.L/u.day)\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def Energy_Production(self):    \n",
        "    return (self.biogas_produced_rate_2 / (700 * (u.L/(u.kW*u.hr))))  #Hours of stove usage, given minimum efficency\n",
        "    #KWH = Biogas / (700 * u.L/u.kwh) #Kilowatt Hours generated from biogas used\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "print(df)\n",
        "test=UASBtest(pipe_diam=1.5*u.inch, lift=10*u.cm)\n",
        "data ={'UASB element':['Diameter Canister', 'Diameter Influent Pipe', 'Number of Elbows in Influent', 'Average Up flow Pulse Velocity', 'Tipping Bucket Dump Volume', 'Length Pulse Pipe', 'Diameter Pulse Pipe', 'Water Level Height', 'Lift', 'Pivot Height' ],\n",
        "       'Measurement': [test.UASB_diameter, test.pipe_diam, test.n_elbows, (test.upflow_velocity_pulse_average).to(u.mm/u.s), test.vol_dump.to(u.gal), test.length_pulse_pipe, test.diameter_pulse_pipe, test.water_level_height, test.lift, test.pivot_height]}\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "df=pd.DataFrame(data)\n",
        "print(df)\n",
        "print(test.biogas_produced_rate)\n",
        "\n",
        "print((test.Energy_Production).to(u.kJ/u.day))\n",
        "\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "ModuleNotFoundError",
          "evalue": "ignored",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mModuleNotFoundError\u001b[0m                       Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-3-c4ef433a44a0>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mimport\u001b[0m \u001b[0maguaclara\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcore\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mhead_loss\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mminorloss\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfrom\u001b[0m \u001b[0maguaclara\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcore\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0munits\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mimport\u001b[0m \u001b[0munit_registry\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mu\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfrom\u001b[0m \u001b[0maguaclara\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcore\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mimport\u001b[0m \u001b[0mphyschem\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfrom\u001b[0m \u001b[0maguaclara\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcore\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mimport\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpipes\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpipes\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mfrom\u001b[0m \u001b[0maguaclara\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcore\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mimport\u001b[0m \u001b[0mhead_loss\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mHL\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
            "\u001b[0;31mModuleNotFoundError\u001b[0m: No module named 'aguaclara'",
            "",
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0;32m\nNOTE: If your import is failing due to a missing package, you can\nmanually install dependencies using either !pip or !apt.\n\nTo view examples of installing some common dependencies, click the\n\"Open Examples\" button below.\n\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "vAidwzlzIRmQ",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "# EPA Funding Assurance\n",
        "This publication [article] was developed under Assistance Agreement No. SU-83926801 awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to Cornell University. It has not been formally reviewed by EPA. The views expressed in this document are solely those of [name of recipient or names of authors] and do not necessarily reflect those of the Agency. EPA does not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication.\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (remember to edit this section according to your report names and authors)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8BnI5Ue6JFEc",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Extra Photos\n",
        "[//]: <> (include these as part of the fabrication manual or procedure instead of extra photos and label the figures would also be very helpful)\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Testing%20Tipping%20Bucket%20with%20Continuous%20Flow.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 6. Testing Tipping Bucket with Continuous Flow.**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/FabPracLeak.jpeg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 8. Testing if Rubber Cement Seals Pipes Water Tight.**\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Fabrication%20Practice.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 9. Fabrication Practice.**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Top%20View%20of%20Frame%20of%20Holding%20Tank.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 10. Top View of Frame of Holding Tank.**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Side%20View%20of%20Frame%20of%20Holding%20Tank.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 11. Side View of Frame of Holding Tank.**\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Water%20Testing%20Pilot%20UASB.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 12. Water Testing Pilot UASB**\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    }
  ]
}