(editted)summer2019report.ipynb

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        "# UASB, Summer 2019\n",
        "### Nina Blahut, Shania Fang, Emily Liu, Kanha Matai, Cara Smith\n",
        "### Aug 2nd, 2019"
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        "##Abstract\n",
        "Since the spring of 2017, the AguaClara Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) team has been working on a the design and fabrication of a pilot-scale UASB reactor. An UASB reactor is a form of primary wastewater treatment that uses anaerobic digestion to treat the wastewater. The team has created Python code and various CAD models to record the design process and the calculations behind the reactor. In the summer of 2019, the team will be fabricating six UASB reactors at the Ithaca Area Wastewater Treatment Facility for testing and data collection.\n"
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        "## Introduction\n",
        "AguaClara Cornell was founded in 2004 to focus on providing sustainable, affordable drinking water treatment in the Global South. However, the team noticed many of the communities they were serving were also in need of wastewater treatment. Traditional wastewater treatment in the United States require lots of land, long start-up times, and are expensive to build in run. This technology is not feasible for small, rural communities. Also, many wastewater treatment technologies can be prone to failure, making communities reluctant to invest.\n",
        "\n",
        "In the search for a way to create of a less expensive and more sustainable method of wastewater treatment, UASB reactors came up as a possible option. These reactors take up very little land, are fairly inexpensive to maintain due to the lack of movable parts, and they do not require materials that are expensive or difficult to obtain. Also, since UASBs break down wastewater anaerobically, they produce methane that can be used by the community for energy. Most importantly, the team realized it is possible to make an UASB reactor completely gravity-powered UASB, thus eliminating the need for electricity. With this in mind, the team started to work on designing an UASB reactor.\n"
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        "## Literature Review and Previous Work\n",
        "According to [US Geological Survey](https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wuww.html) (USGS), wastewater is any kind of water used by humans. This used water may include dissolved fecal and urine matter, harmful chemicals, pathogens, and many more pollutants. Because it is full of contaminants, it's not longer safe for use. Since water is a universal solvent, it becomes difficult to separate the water from these harmful compounds. These compounds come from a variety of sources such as household wastes from toilets, sinks, baths, and drains or from factories, farming, schools, and urban runoff. As a result, billions of gallons of wastewater are produced and yet many areas in the world still lack access to wastewater treatment plants, thus making wastewater a global issue. Leaving wastewater untreated and releasing it directly back into the environment can produce devastating effects on both the environment and human health.\n",
        "\n",
        "Wastewater can also contain decaying organic matter and nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen which can cause eutrophication, a term for excess nutrients. Eutrophication then causes algae blooms, leading to oxygen-deprived conditions once the large amount of algae dies off and begins to decompose. This negatively impacts the ecosystem because the lack of oxygen makes it harder for aquatic life to survive. At high concentrations, these water pollutants and organic matter are killing marine birds, crustaceans, sea weeds, and many other organisms. Having too much nitrogen in water can also be dangerous for humans because it can cause methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) by preventing normal uptake of oxygen in the blood.\n",
        "\n",
        "Human health is also directly affected by a lack of wastewater treatment. Much of untreated wastewater eventually ends up in our rivers, streams, and sometimes ground water. It is often assumed that groundwater is pure and clean; however, it is possible for groundwater to be contaminated by wastewater seeping into the ground. ([Catherine Taylor & Joseph Yahner, 1996](https://engineering.purdue.edu/~frankenb/NU-prowd/disease.htm)). When wastewater reaches drinking water sources, it can pose significant health risks for the community. Pathogens in wastewater destroy crop production, infecting the food supply, and cause water-borne diseases. Some of the many bacteria, viruses, and parasites present in wastewater include: cholera, typhoid, giardiasis and  cryptosporidiosis. ([Catherine Taylor & Joseph Yahner, 1996](https://engineering.purdue.edu/~frankenb/NU-prowd/disease.htm)). Health risks associated with wastewater includes respiratory disease, cancer, diarrheal disease, a neurological disorder, and cardiovascular disease ([Mehtab Haseena, 2017](http://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/water-pollution-and-human-health-7925.html)).\n",
        "\n",
        "Some of the biggest issues that wastewater treatment plants face today are energy consumption and environmental footprints. Wastewater facilities typically have treatment processes that include preliminary treatment, sedimentation, chlorination, and processing sludge which are all electrically and fuel powered ([AOS, 2018](https://aosts.com/how-much-energy-does-wastewater-treatment-plant-use/)). In 2018, there were about 14,748 wastewater treatment plants in the US and electricity accounts for 90-95% of the total energy consumed at these facilities while the rest is accounted by fuels such as oil or natural gas. ([University of Michigan, 2019](http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/us-wastewater-treatment-factsheet)). Wastewater Treatment plants end up using up about 3% of the nation’s total energy consumption ([MGOe, 2019](https://www.mge.com/saving-energy/business/bea/article_detail.htm?nid=%202431)). However, not all countries have access or can afford the same resources such as money, infrastructure, materials, and technology, which makes having universal wastewater treatment plants not feasible in many parts of the world, especially more rural and less developed areas.\n",
        "\n",
        "Traditional UASB reactors are used as a preliminary wastewater treatment process to remove suspended solids organic matter in wastewater (Chong et. al, 2012). UASB reactors, instead of using fuel or electricity, rely mainly on gravity and biological processes to remove organic matter and convert it to biogas. UASB stands for Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket and a UASB reactor is a single tank process where wastewater enters the reactor and flows upward through a suspended sludge blanket. This suspended sludge blanket is made up of cultures of anaerobic microorganisms that filters and cleans wastewater by removing organic contaminants and pathogens. UASB reactors are highly efficient in treating high COD loads, biogas formation, and provide good stabilization of solids ([M.K. Daud, 2018](https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jchem/2018/1596319/)).They are less energy intensive than other forms of preliminary wastewater treatment that use aerobic processes. UASB reactors also produce methane as a byproduct of anaerobic digestion which can be captured and used for energy production or heating. However, these UASB reactors still rely on electricity.\n",
        "\n",
        "AguaClara, on the other hand, designed a UASB reactor that solely relies on gravity. Its main function is to improve the accessibility and affordability of wastewater treatment for smaller communities that don’t have access to electricity. In January 2017, this gravity-powered UASB reactor was designed for the EPA People, Prosperity and the Planet (P3) Student Design Competition proposal. The proposed UASB reactor design focused on improving reactor design, making the system cheaper and easier to fabricate so that it could be created globally. The team later applied for Phase II funding from the same organization to support the development and implementation of additional reactors for testing and received a grant of $75,000."
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        "## Timeline of UASB\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Summer 2016\n",
        "The UASB team was formed in the Summer of 2016. The objective of the team was to design and implement a functional lab-scale UASB reactor to treat synthetic blackwater. Blackwater is wastewater from toilets; synthetic blackwater is a mixture of proteins, lipids and starches mixed together (usually with a few other chemicals as well; recipes for synthetic wastewater vary) In the summer of 2016, the UASB team constructed four small-scale UASB reactors and found that those small-scale reactors could successfully treat synthetic wastewater. The team also found that increased wastewater concentration and higher residence times resulted in higher biogas removal and increased Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Fall 2016\n",
        "In the fall of 2016, the UASB team underwent several changes. First, the team altered the design of the small-scale UASB reactors by implementing shorter and narrower influent lines. The team also changed the synthetic wastewater recipe. More specifically, the team substituted glucose with insoluble carbon compounds. The team also researched retention time in the reactors with fluoride tracer tests, and found a HRT of 3.22 hours in one of the reactors (close to the target of 4 hours).\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Spring 2017\n",
        "During the spring of 2017, the team worked on assessing the efficiency of two modifications to the UASB reactor: plate settlers and the submerged gas collection lid. After conducting granule settling tests, the team was unable to conclude whether or not plate settlers significantly improve solid retention time. The team also conducted a Submerged Gas Capture Lid Test and concluded that a check valve would be useful to allow for continuous collection into a gas tank without the loss of biogas.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Summer 2017\n",
        "In the summer of 2017, the UASB team continued with similar research and testing to that of the Spring 2017 semester. This time, the team determined that large, bulky plate settlers were not required for a full scale reactor. Instead, a smaller settling apparatus, such as a sloped exit weir, can achieve similar sludge retention time(SRT).\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Fall 2017\n",
        "During the fall of 2017, the UASB team made several strides. Firstly, the team settled on the critical design assumptions for the fabrication of a UASB reactor at the Ithaca Area Wastewater Treatment Facility (IAWWTF). The critical design assumptions were as follows: a reactor diameter of 3 feet, a reactor height of 7 feet, a 4 hour hydraulic residence time, and a flow rate of .036 L/s. The  team also designed a biogas capture lid. In this system, as biogas is produced in the reactor, it displaces water out from under the lid. Gas is then stored there until it is manually removed.\n",
        "\n",
        "The team also wrote Python calculations in Jupyter notebook (available on GitHub) to estimate biogas production based on COD input.\n",
        "\n",
        "Next, the team decided to add plate settlers back to the effluent tube. Plate settlers are intended to prevent dislodged granules from escaping the reactor. The fall 2017 team also worked on designing a sludge weir for the UASB reactor.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Spring 2018\n",
        "UASB continued efforts to improve the design of the pilot-scale UASB reactor in Spring 2018. A major area of focus was the influent flow system. After extensive research, the team chose top influent flow - where the wastewater flows down the inlet pipe until it reaches the bottom of tank -  in order to prevent clogs. Next, the team decided to incorporate pulse flow into the reactor to achieve the desired flow of .03 L/s. The team proposed two methods to produce pulse flow: a tipping bucket design and a siphon.\n",
        "\n",
        "UASB also worked on biogas production. The team wrote code to estimate the COD concentration of influent and the temperature of the reactor, as well as the biogas production rate based on the flow rate through the reactor. The team decided on a gas bag system to store biogas as it is flexible, easy to connect to the reactor, affordable, and easily transported. The team also wrote code to determine the required volume and dimensions for the lid of the biogas system. The team also looked into a fats, oils and greases (FOG) removal system. The conclusion was that manual skimming of FOG could always be used as a backup option.\n",
        "\n",
        "Next, the team developed the design for the pilot UASB reactor's sludge sampling and removal system. For the sludge weir, the team chose a tube with a 6 inch diameter jutting out of the reactor at the predicted height of the sludge blanket at a downwards angle with two valves.\n",
        "\n",
        "Lastly, the team wrote code to calculate the optimal size of the pilot UASB reactor's tube settler, the number of plates required, and the overall height of the settling arm.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Summer 2018\n",
        "The summer team continued work on the hydraulic design of the UASB system.  The major design project was creating the tipping bucket system to deliver wastewater in pulses. The system consists of a pivoting bucket which fills with wastewater before tipping and delivering the wastewater in a large pulse at a high flow rate. After brainstorming the idea, the team designed and tested models to determine optimal design and flow rates for the system. The team also continued developing code for the entire system, and made a Computer Aided Design (CAD) [model of the UASB reactor](https://cornell47.autodesk360.com/g/shares/SH7f1edQT22b515c761e1224485004ae7e44?viewState=NoIgbgDAdAjCA0IDeAdEAXAngBwKZoC40ARXAZwEsBzAOzXjQEMyzd1C0IBOAEx4GYeAFgBsAWgBMjAGY8xQgKwTxjLl3H8A7KoBGEABwQd-IZrQBfEAF0gA) using Fusion 360.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Fall 2018\n",
        "\n",
        "  During the fall of 2018, the team tested a benchtop UASB model in the lab. Because actual sludge granules were not readily available, the team used tapioca to model the sludge blanket. Tapioca has similar material properties as sludge, inexpensive and readily available made it a suitable alternate material. Tapioca was used to identify preferential paths in the UASB reactor. Preferential pathways are the uneven distribution of wastewater flow throughout the reactor; the presence of these make the UASB reactor less efficient.\n",
        "\n",
        "  The bench top model was a scaled down version of a real UASB reactor, made using Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). The influent was set on top perpendicular to the bottom plate and a hole was drilled at the top of the model connected with a pipe as the effluent. The team used ProCoDa software to pump the water through the influent pipe. They also added red dye to the initial pulse of water to manually to look for preferential paths.\n",
        "\n",
        "  The result of the testing shows that the layer of tapioca did not lift entirely off the bottom of the reactor, but instead it stretched as influent “wastewater” traveled through it. The red dye in the influent revealed the formation of preferential pathways through the tapioca layer.\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Spring 2019\n",
        "\n",
        "  During the Spring 2019 Semester, the team focused on completing a design for the UASB reactors that will be fabricated and tested at the IAWWTP. The team decided to make reactor canisters out of 10\" diameter clear PVC pipe, so that multiple reactors could be tested at the IAWWTP to determine whether or not pulsated flow affects reactor efficiency. To design the reactors, the team made a python class to represent the hydraulics of the UASB reactors and made an onShape model of the reactors.\n"
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        "### Summer 2019 Goals\n",
        "The main goal for the Summer 2019 is to complete the fabrication of the UASB reactors and get them up and running at the IAWWTP. The team must develop fabrication skills and develop best practices for the assembly of the UASB reactors. As of now, a pilot reactor barring the frame for the holding tank, has been fabricated and water tested. There was a small leak that was repaired with additional glue. Once the frame for the tipping bucket is complete, this enitre pilot reactor will be assembled and water tested. If this pilot reactor is successful, the team will build a clear reactor to install at the IAWWTP. Nearby breweries and wastewater treatment plants are still being contacted for sludge granules."
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        "## Methods\n",
        "[center all your figure captions and keep methods and procedure in passive voice]\n",
        "\n",
        "### Experimental Apparatus\n",
        "Since the team will be testing various lifts in the UASB reactor ranging from 1 cm to 10 cm, the team must determine the pivot positions on the sides of the tipping bucket to get the proper pulse volume. The team has begun testing for pivot positions on a 1 gallon (or 3.8 L) bucket for 5 cm of lift and on a 2 gallon bucket (or 7.6 L) bucket for 10 cm of lift. According to the python calculations, 2.5 L of water is needed to create 5 cm of lift and 5 L of water is needed to create 10 cm of lift.\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Tipping%20Bucket%20with%20Pivots%20%20Edit.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 1. Tipping Bucket with Pivots**\n",
        "\n",
        "The previous Summer 2018 team had created a frame for the tipping bucket to rest in. However, in order to decrease cost and increase convenience during testing, the team will not use a frame to hold the tipping bucket and will use a rectangular bucket with pivots screwed directly onto the sides of the bucket where there are the holes for the tested pivot positions instead.\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Influent%20Bucket%20System%20Edit.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 2. Influent tipping bucket system - Summer 2018 Design**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Influent%20Tipping%20Bucket%20System%20wtihout%20tank%20summer%202018%20Design%20Edit.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 3. Influent tipping bucket system without tank - Summer 2018 Design**\n",
        "\n",
        "Goals for tipping bucket trial:\n",
        "1. Determine pivot positions for the 1 gallon bucket to pour when the water level within the bucket reaches 2.5 L.\n",
        "2. Determine pivot positions for the 2 gallon bucket to pour when the water level within the bucket reaches 5 L.\n",
        "3. Adjust design and materials for additional support and stability to prevent materials from wearing down.\n",
        "\n",
        "*Trials with asterisks indicate adjustments made during trials that are mentioned below the tables.*\n",
        "\n"
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        "\n",
        "## Procedure\n",
        "[passive voice and make sure to caption your figures]\n",
        "The team set up its experiments by first securing the hinges for the tipping bucket onto 80-20 extrusions, which were clamped down parallel to one another on stools. Then, the tipping bucket pivots were placed on those brackets, as is shown in the image below. \n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (label and caption your figure)\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/tipping%20Bucket%20setup%20edit.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "Once the team set up the experiment, it measured out a bucket of 5 L of water. Then the team dumped water slowly from that bucket into the tipping bucket until the bucket tipped over. The team checked to see whether or not the bucket emptied completely, and then subtratcted the remaining volume of water from the 5 L bucket from the original 5 L to determine the volume of the dump from the tipping bucket. The team then recorded this volume along with the pivot positions as measured from the center of the side of the tipping bucket. "
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        "## Results and Analysis\n",
        "[//]: <> (keep this section in past tense)\n",
        "**Table 1. Summer 2019 1 Gallon Tipping Bucket Trial Results**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "| Trial | Horizonatal Pivot Position (cm) | Vertical Pivot Position (cm) | Volume Poured Out (L) | Emptied Completely? |\n",
        "| --- | :---: | :---: | :---: | ---: |\n",
        "| 1    | 0.5  | 0 | 1.5 | yes |\n",
        "| 2 | 0.5 | 2 | 0 | x |\n",
        "|3   | 1 | 1 | 1.8 | x |\n",
        "|4   | 1 | 2 | x |  x |\n",
        "|5   | 1 | 1  | 2 | yes |\n",
        "| 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | yes |\n",
        "|**7**  | 1 | 1 | 2.3 | yes |\n",
        "| 8 | 1 | 2 | x | x |\n",
        "|9 | 0.75 | 1 | 2.5 | yes |\n",
        "|10 | 0.75 |1 | 2.6 | yes |\n",
        "| **11** | 0.75 | 1 | 2.45 | yes |\n",
        "\n",
        "Trial **7**: new brackets made specifically for 1 inch pivots and continuous pouring method \n",
        "\n",
        "Trial **11**: final test with wall reinforcements and new pivots made out of PVC instead of HDPE\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (include the above two lines in the caption for your table and same with following tables; don't know how to do that will ask)\n",
        "\n",
        "**Table 2. Summer 2019 2 Gallon Tipping Bucket Trial Results**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "| Trial | Horizonatal Pivot Position (cm) | Vertical Pivot Position (cm) | Volume Poured Out (L) | Emptied Completely? |\n",
        "| --- | :---: | :---: | :---: | ---: |\n",
        "|1| 1 | 1 | 4.6 | yes | \n",
        "|2| 1 | 1 | 4.35 | yes | \n",
        "|3| 1 | 1.5 | 4 | x | \n",
        "|4*| 1 | 1.5 | 4.5 | x | \n",
        "|5*| 1 | 1 | 5 | yes | \n",
        "|6| 1 | 1 | 4.4 | yes | \n",
        "|7| 1 | 1.5 | 4.8 | no |\n",
        "|8| 1.5 | 1.5 | 2 | no |\n",
        "|9| 0.75 | 1 | 4.6 | no | \n",
        "|10| 1.25 | 1.5 | 3.8 | no | \n",
        "|11| 1.25 | 1.5 | 3.8 | no |\n",
        "|12| 1.25 | 1.25 | 4.5 | yes | \n",
        "|13| 1 | 1.25 | 4.6 | yes |\n",
        "|14| 1 | 1.25 | 4.6 | yes |\n",
        "|15*| 1 |1.25 | 4.7 | yes | \n",
        "|16| 1.25 | 1.25 | 4.5 | yes | \n",
        "|17| 1.25 | 1.25 | 4.6 | yes | \n",
        "|18| 1 | 1 | 4.4 | yes | \n",
        "|19| 0.75 | 1 | 4.9 | yes | \n",
        "|20| 0.75 | 1 | 4.9 | yes |\n",
        "\n",
        "Trial **4**: started using new brackets made for 1 inch pivots, continuous pouring method \n",
        "\n",
        "Trial **5**: started using wall reinforcements made out of HDPE around the pivot points \n",
        "\n",
        "Trial **15**: started using new pivots made from PVC instead of HDPE\n",
        "\n",
        "The results from the tipping bucket trials suggest that to build a 2 gallon tipping bucket that creates 10 cm of lift in the body of the reactor per pulse from the tipping bucket and a 1 gallon tipping bucket that creates 5 cm of lift in the body of the reactor per pulse from the tipping bucket, the pivots should be positioned .75 cm horizontally offcenter and 1 cm vertically offcenter. \n",
        "\n",
        "### Tipping Bucket Tested with the Reactor\n",
        "\n",
        "When the tipping bucket influent system was used to put water into the reactor over a 24-hour period, while the bucket still worked, e.g. created a nice pulse of water, there are improvements that need to be made:\n",
        "\n",
        "- When the flow from the tipping bucket is placed directly over the pulse pipe, air enters the pulse pipe, which travels to the influent pipe and then the reactor body itself. These formation of air bubbles are bad because the reactor is strictly anaerobic. This problem appears to be solved when the tipping bucket is placed so it empties into a different part of the holding tank that is not over the pulse pipe; no more air bubbles appear in the pipes. A few further tests, however, will need to be done to ensure this will completely eliminate air bubbles from the system.\n",
        "- The screws that hold the pivots to the PVC sheet and bucket have broke more than once after several tips. The current hypothesis is that deformation of the plastic tipping bucket (which was also observed) is shifting stress onto the screws, causing them to break in half, though it is also possible the screws broke due to the shear caused by the rotation and the weight of the water. The team is reconsidering the strength of these materials, and will possibly orde stronger screws and/or a bucket made of a sturdier material to see if this fixes the problem. More details can be found in the fabrication manual.\n",
        "- Possibly running the rod through the entire tipping bucket instead of just two small rods on the outside of the tipping bucket. Again, more details can be found in the fabrication manual. \n"
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        "## Future Work & Conclusion\n",
        "The main objective for the fall is to finish installing the two reactors at the IAWWTF. Anaerobic sludge will be put into the reactors and wastewater will be run through them. These reactors will then be tested with varied hydraulic residence times and different methods of influent flow (i.e. pulsed vs. continuous flow) The effluent quality will then be measured using COD tests to determine an optimal UASB reactor design.\n",
        "\n",
        "The team was also hoping to make six reactors in total to more efficiently compare the varied parameters mentioned above, so four more reactors will hopefully be made and installed at the IAWWTF within the next year. The fabrication manual in this report contains detailed instructions for future members on how to make the UASBs built this summer.\n",
        "\n",
        "Various details still need to be ironed out. These are some of the main issues that will need addressed in the upcoming semester:\n",
        "\n",
        "- Decide how to measure biogas production of the reactor. The Summer 2019 team has considered two different tools to measure biogas production: a bubble counter and a wet test meter. The bubble counter has a maximum flow rate of 16 mL/min that can be measured, while the wet test meter has a minimum flow rate of 50 mL/min that can be measured. The estimated production of biogas ranges from 30-60 L/day or 21-42 mL/min at 100% efficiency. However, 100% efficiency of the UASB cannot be guaranteed.  \n",
        "- Preventing air from entering the reactor. When the tipping bucket is placed directly over the influent opening, air bubbles are able to enter the reactor, thus making the reactor no longer anaerobic. It appears when the direction of the tipping bucket is reversed (i.e. the contents of the tipping bucket are being dumped left of the influent entrance) the bubbles do not enter into the reactor. The team must do at least a few more trials to confirm this.\n",
        "- Finishing a cover for the holding tank. This will prevent wastewater from flying up and out of the holding tank when the bucket tips back up to it upright position.\n",
        "\n"
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        "## Bibliography\n",
        "\n",
        "- AOS Treatment Solutions. “How Much Energy Does a Wastewater Treatment Plant Use?” AOS Treatment Solutions, AOS Treatment Solutions, LLC, March 1 2018, https://aosts.com/how-much-energy-does-wastewater-treatment-plant-use/\n",
        "\n",
        "- Catherine Taylor & Joseph Yahner. “Wastewater Treatment Protects Small Community Life, Health.” On-Site Wastewater Disposal and Public Health, Purdue University, Summer 1996, https://engineering.purdue.edu/~frankenb/NU-prowd/disease.htm\n",
        "\n",
        "- Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. 2018. \"U.S. Wastewater Treatment Factsheet.\" Pub. No. CSS04-14, http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/us-wastewater-treatment-factsheet\n",
        "\n",
        "- Cho, S.h., et al. “Settling Velocity Model of Activated Sludge.” Water Research, vol. 27, no. 7, 1993, pp. 1237–1242., doi:10.1016/0043-1354(93)90016-b.\n",
        "\n",
        "- M. K. Daud, Hina Rizvi, Muhammad FarhanAkram, Shafaqat Ali, Muhammad Rizwan,Muhammad Nafees, and Zhu Shui Jin. “Review of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor Technology: Effect of Different Parameters and Developments for Domestic Wastewater Treatment.” Journal of Chemistry, Hindawi, 2018, https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jchem/2018/1596319/\n",
        "\n",
        "- Mehtab Haseena*, Muhammad Faheem Malik, Asma Javed, Sidra Arshad, Nayab Asif, Sharon Zulfiqar and Jaweria Hanif. “Water pollution and human health.” Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation,Allied Academies, July 13 2017, http://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/water-pollution-and-human-health-7925.html\n",
        "\n",
        "- Miranda, L. A. S., et al. “Use Of A Griffith Tube To Evaluate The Anaerobic Sludge Sedimentation In A Uasb Reactor Treating An Effluent With Long-Chain Fatty Acids.” Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 34, no. 1, 2017, pp. 131–141., doi:10.1590/0104-6632.20170341s20150427.\n",
        "\n",
        "- MGOe. “Wastewater Treatment Plants.”Your Community Energy C\n",
        "ompany, Madison Gas and Electric Company, 2019, https://www.mge.com/saving-energy/business/bea/article_detail.htm?nid=%202431\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "- Perlman, Howard. “Wastewater Treatment Water Use.” The USGS Water Science School, US Geological Survey, Dec. 2 2016, https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wuww.html\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (use apa format)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "EvBA8kN4-dty",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Manual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "yfoW16_iACYt",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Fabrication Details\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "So far the team has began practicing fabrication to develop best practices for the fabrication of the UASB reactors at the IAWWTP. Here is a link to the [CAD model](https://cad.onshape.com/documents/53ab6bf4dad0f6e53a3d53e2/w/d059456663ed700ebb9a2f16/e/29660576307cd46c4ec811dc) the team designed in Spring 2019. Below is a procedure for the fabrication of UASB reactors.\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "** A separate spreadsheet used by the team is linked [here](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ICbSms1pXwmJEjIxRHFmrAhcx-y6EK_8H0kFIyB1OXM/edit?usp=sharing).\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (include screenshots of your cad models and label them)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "3JrxQhtmFv0P",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Gluing Procedure\n",
        "\n",
        "Making sure that all parts attached are water and air tight is extremely important.\n",
        "\n",
        "1. Apply PVC Glue Primer to all surfaces of the parts that will be glued together. For example, the outside of the pipe and the inside of an elbow must both be applied with primer.\n",
        "2. Apply Heavy PVC Glue to the same surfaces that primer was applied to\n",
        "3. Quickly push the parts together because the glue will begin to dry immediately\n",
        "\n",
        "** For larger pieces, use the Slow Set Heavy Duty PVC Glue"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "6ZUZ6U2-elwY",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Influent System\n",
        "\n",
        "[make sure the position of figure caption and figure, ie caption has to be under figures, and when you say diameter do you mean inner or outer, and you can also specify pipe size]\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Materials:\n",
        "| Item | Quantity | Purpose | Dimensions | Total Cost | Catalogue Number | Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | \n",
        "| LLDPE Plastic Tank |1 | Holding Tank | 18\" x 12\" x 18\" | 88.57 | 14827 |https://www.usplastic.com/catalog/item.aspx?itemid=125824 |         \n",
        "| LDPE Welding Rod| 1 | Welding Brackets to the Holding Tank | 5/32\" Diameter, 135' long| 10.61 | 7889A38| https://www.mcmaster.com/#7889a38/=1djicjq|\n",
        "| LDPE Plastic Sheet |1 |Brackets | 6\" x 12\" x 1.5\"  | 34.94 | 8657K331| https://www.mcmaster.com/#8657k337/=1djix0x |\n",
        "| 1 Gallon Rectangular Bucket **or** 2 Gallon Rectangular Bucket | 1|  Bucket    |   No dimensions specified                      | 2.48  **or** 4.09 | 4018 **or** 4043| https://www.usplastic.com/catalog/item.aspx?itemid=123948&catid= **or** https://www.usplastic.com/catalog/item.aspx?itemid=123949&catid= |\n",
        "| Fully Threaded PVC Plastic Hex Head Screw | 1 |Secures Pivots and Support to Bucket | 1/4\"-20 Thread Size, 3/4\" Long | 8.64 | 95841A540| https://www.mcmaster.com/95841a540 |\n",
        "| PVC Rod | 1| Pivots | 1\" Diameter, 1' Length | 5.83 | 87025K39| https://www.mcmaster.com/87025K39 |\n",
        "| 1/4\" PVC Sheet  | 1| Support for sides of Bucket  |12\" x 12\" x 1/4\" | 11.33| 8747K114|https://www.mcmaster.com/8747k114|\n",
        "| PVC On/Off Valve for Drinking Water, PTFE/HDPE Seat, 1 Socket-Weld Female | 1| Drain valve | 1\" diameter, 3 3/8\" length | 13.67 | 4876k13| https://www.mcmaster.com/4876k13 |\n",
        "|4\" Pipe| 1| Pulse PIpe| 4\" ID, 4' Length | 73.61 | 49035k51| https://www.mcmaster.com/49035k51|\n",
        "|4\" Bulkhead |1| Attach 4\" Pipe to Holding Tank | 5 3/4\" diameter hole, 5 3/4\" Length | 137.70|36895k128 |https://www.mcmaster.com/36895k128|\n",
        "|Thick-Wall 4\" PVC Pipe Fitting | 1| Attach 4\" Pipe to Holding Tank | 2 9/32\" socket depth, 4 15/32\" length | 23.08 | 4596K863| https://www.mcmaster.com/4596k863|\n",
        "|4\" to 1.5\" reducer |1| Attach 4\" pipe to 1\" pipe | 4\" length | 14.86 | 4693K54| https://www.mcmaster.com/4693K54 |\n",
        "|1\" Pipe | 1|Emergency Drain Pipe | 1\" ID, 2' Length | 11.98 | 49035k45| https://www.mcmaster.com/49035k45|\n",
        "|1\" Bulkhead | 1|Attach Emergency Drain Pipe to Holding Tank | 1 7/8\" hole, 3 7/8\" Length | 18.68 |36895k113| https://www.mcmaster.com/36895k113?fbclid=IwAR3yYzf54CMgy65B0vPiV2XX4lhcfwmUYFfB6v5XjXpglIFXSAJ1qbUSTnw |\n",
        "|Through-Wall Straight Connectors for Flat Tanks, Female Threaded Pipe| 1| Connect influent wastewater line to holding tank cover| 3/8\" Pipe size| 12.88 |8674t56 |https://www.mcmaster.com/8674t56|\n",
        "\n",
        "##### Total Price:\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Tools:\n",
        "- Power drill\n",
        "  - 1/4\" drill bit\n",
        "- Drill Press\n",
        "  - 7/32\" drill bit\n",
        "  - 5 3/4\" hole saw\n",
        "  - 7/8\" hole saw \n",
        "- tap wrench\n",
        "  - 1/4\"-20 tap\n",
        "- Welding Kit\n",
        "- Band Saw\n",
        "- Clamps\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "#### TIpping Bucket System Procedure:\n",
        "1. Measure and mark where the middle of the bucket is on both sides of the bucket with the largest surface area.\n",
        "2. Make a mark 0.75 cm horizontally from the center and 1 cm above the center on each side of the bucket. Make sure that the marks are aligned.\n",
        "3. Use a power drill and 1/4\" drill bit to drill a hole on the off-centered marks drawn in the previous step.\n",
        "4. Cut two pivots from the PVC rod with a band saw to appropriate size to fit within the LLDPE plastic tank. (2 gallon bucket: 2 1/8\" pivots; 1 gallon bucket: 3 1/8\" pivots)\n",
        "5. Using a mill and a 7/32\" drill bit, drill a hole into the middle of one of the flat sides of each pivot.\n",
        "6. Use a band saw to cut two 2\" x 2\" squares from the 1/4\" PVC sheet to reinforce the sides of the tipping bucket.\n",
        "7. Drill a 1/4\" hole into the middle of both squares.\n",
        "8. Use a 1/4\"-20 plastic screw to secure the squares of HDPE sheet to the insides of bucket and the pivots to the outsides of the bucket as shown in the picture below.\n",
        "9. Cut out a 4\" x 3\" rectangle from the LDPE plastic sheet to begin making the brackets.\n",
        "10. From the cut out rectangle, cut a smaller rectangle 2\" x 1\" rectangle to make a shape that resembles a \"U\". Make sure the rectangle is cut so that the longer sides of both the cut out rectangle and the bracket are parallel.\n",
        "11. Cut the bracket in half to create two brackets.\n",
        "12. Weld brackets to the inside of the LDPE holding tank. The bottom of the bracket should be 9\" above the bottom of the tank, one side of the bracket should be 7 3/4\" away from the side of the tank and the other side should be 6 1/2\" from the other side. \n",
        "13. Drill a 5 3/4\" hole into the bottom of the holding tank 11 1/2\" from the opposite side measured for the brackets.\n",
        "14. Fit the bulkhead and pipe fitting inside the hole with the 4\" diameter pipe.\n",
        "15. Fit a 4\" to 1 1/2\" reducer on the opposite side of the 4\" diameter pipe.\n",
        "16. Cut a 19 1/2\" by 13 1/2 rectangle of clear 1/8\" LDPE sheet. \n",
        "17. Use a 7/8\" hole saw to drill into the center of the rectangle of LDPE sheet. \n",
        "18. Fit 3/8\" through wall connector fitting to the hole in the LDPE sheet. \n",
        "19.  Place the clear LDPE cover onto the top of the holding tank, so that it rests within the lip of the container. \n",
        "\n",
        "Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8 show what the tipping bucket and holding tank should look like when correctly assembled.\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 4. Top View of Tipping Bucket .**\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Top%20view%20of%20bucket%20edit.png?raw=true\">  \n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 5. Influent System.**\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/top%20view%20of%20influent%20system%20editt.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 6. Top View of Holding Tank with Brackets.**\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Top%20View%20edit.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 7. Side View of Holding Tank**\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Side%20View%20of%20Holding%20Tank%20edit.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 8. Side View of Holding Tank Cover **\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src= \"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Side%20view%20of%20holding%20tank%20cover%20edit.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Influent Pipe Proceedure:\n",
        "\n",
        "8. For the influent pipes, cut a 9.25\" length 1.5\" diameter pipe and a 71.5\" length 1.5\" diameter pipe\n",
        "9. Fit the 9.25\" length pipe into the influent reducer, and then place an elbow on both ends of the pipe. The elbow inside the reactor is in the middle of the reactor and facing down. The other elbow on the outside is facing up.\n",
        "10. Attach the 71.5\" length pipe to the elbow that is facing up."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "iwvdVQK9L3-z",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Holding Tank Frame\n",
        "#### Materials:\n",
        "| Item | Quantity | Purpose | Dimensions | Cost | Catalogue Number |Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |\n",
        "| 1\"x2\" 80/20 Extrusions | 2|  Holding Tank Frame | 2\" High x 1\" Wide, 6' Length | 60.78 | 47065T125| https://www.mcmaster.com/80/20-compatible-t-slotted-framing-47065T125 |\n",
        "|1\"x1\" 80/20 Extrusions | 2| Holding Tank Frame | 1\" High x 1\" Wide, 4' Length | 24.62 | 47065T101| https://www.mcmaster.com/47065t101-47065T121|\n",
        "| Silver Corner Bracket | 8| Support Frame | 2\" Height, 2\" Length | 63.28 | 47065T253| https://www.mcmaster.com/47065T253 |\n",
        "| Silver Corner Surface Bracket for 1\" High Single Rail| 8| Support Frame | 1\" Rail Height, 3\" Length | 60.96 | 47065t267| https://www.mcmaster.com/47065t267|\n",
        "|Compact-Head End-Feed Fastener| 20| Support Frame | \t1/4\"-20 Thread Size, \t1/2\" Length | 37.00| 47065t139| https://www.mcmaster.com/47065t139|\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Tools:\n",
        "- Drill Press\n",
        "  - 1 1/2\" hole saw\n",
        "- Allen Wrench\n",
        "- Hand Saw\n",
        "- Vice Grip\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Procedure:\n",
        "1. Take two pieces of 2\"x1\" 80/20 extrusions, and use a handsaw to cut two 18.5\" pieces, two 13\" pieces, and two 2' pieces.\n",
        "2. Take the 1\"x1\" 80/20 extrusions and use a handsaw to cut four 19\" pieces.\n",
        "3. Take the 2' long 2\"x1\" 80/20 extrusions. Make two marks on each extrusion, one 3 1/8\" left of the right end, the other 13 1/4\" left of the right end.  Using the drill press and a 1 1/2\" hole saw, drill a hole at each mark.\n",
        "4. Take the 18.5\" and 13\" extrusions and arrange them to form a rectangle, with the 1\" side of the extrusions facing up. Use four corner surface brackets to attach extrusions to eachother. See photo below.\n",
        "5. Take four corner brackets and insert two of each on the 18.5\" extrusions. They should be facing the outside of the frame and are fitted right next to the surface corner brackets. See figure\n",
        "6. Insert the four 1x1\" extrusions in each corner bracket, perpendicular to the 2\"x1\" extrusions. They should be attached using the inner two holes on the bracket. See figure \n",
        "7. Insert the other four surface corner brackets on the top of each of the 1\"x1\" extrusions, each parallel to the the 18.5\" extrusions. The other four regular corner brackets should also be inserted on the top of the 1\"x1\" extrusions so they are both running perpendicular to the 13.5\" extrusions and facing the inside the frame. See figure\n",
        "8. Take the 2\" extrusions, and insert them into the brackets from Step #7 so they are parallel to the 18.5\" extrusions. The end of the 2\" extrusion with the holes furthest away should line up with the end of the edge of the frame below. See figure\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (^^is the above completed?) "
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-51QMnAHfnJt",
        "colab_type": "text"
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      "source": [
        "\n",
        "### Reactor Body\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Materials:\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (same comment as above materials table)\n",
        "\n",
        "| Item | Quantity | Purpose | Dimensions | Cost | Catalogue Number |Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |\n",
        "| 10\" Clear PVC Pipe | 1|Reactor Body | 10\" diameter, 8' height | 760.70 | 49035k97| https://www.mcmaster.com/49035k97  |\n",
        "| 2\" PVC Pipe | 1|Attaches fernco to 1.5\" diameter pipes | 2\" diameter, 5' height | 10.80 | 8925K96| https://www.mcmaster.com/48925K96  |\n",
        "| Bolt Kit | 2|Secure Flanges to the PVC Pipe | Bolts: 8\" x 5\" Long | 161.60 | N/A| https://www.pvcfittingsonline.com/10bk-10-bolt-kit-for-flange-to-flange-stainless-steel.html |\n",
        "| 10\" Gasket |2| Creates water tight seal between pipe and flanges | 10\" diameter | 31.50 |  N/A| https://www.pvcfittingsonline.com/155g1258ff150-8-full-faced-epdm-gasket-6950.html |\n",
        "| 10\" Blind Flange | 2| End cap on top and bottom of reactor | 10\" diameter | 387.12 |  N/A| https://www.pvcfittingsonline.com/10-schedule-80-pvc-blind-flange-853-100.html |\n",
        "| 10\" Slip Flange |2| End cap on top and bottom of reactor | 10\" diameter | 125.08 |  N/A| https://www.pvcfittingsonline.com/854-100-10-schedule-80-pvc-molded-flange.html |\n",
        "| 2\" to 1.5\" ferncos |5| Connects 1.5\" pipes to 2\" pipes | 3 7/16\" Length | 20.92 | 4511k74| https://www.mcmaster.com/4511k74 |\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Tools:\n",
        "  - Power Drill\n",
        "    - 2 3/8\" hole saw\n",
        "    - 1/4\" drill bit\n",
        "  - PVC Cement\n",
        "  - [Drill Guide](https://www.amazon.com/Milescraft-1318-DrillMate-Drill-Guide/dp/B014A1Z92I/ref=sr_1_3?crid=YUZ7A9J9557X&keywords=drill+guide&qid=1562097399&s=gateway&sprefix=drill+g%2Caps%2C138&sr=8-3)\n",
        "    - 1/4\" drill rod\n",
        "  - Band Saw\n",
        "    - angle guide\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Reactor Body Procedure:\n",
        "1. Drill two 2 3/8\" holes into the 10\" PVC using a hole saw. One hole is 16\" from the bottom of the reactor, and the other is 11 1/2\" from the top of the reactor. Make sure that these holes are on opposite sides of the reactor. These holes will be the effluent and the influent.\n",
        "2. Using the drill guide, drill two 1/4\" holes at a 45° angle. One hole is 11 1/2\" from the top of the reactor and the other is 16 1/2 inches from the top of the reactor.  Then, attach a 1' long 1/4\" rod to the drill saw with a 2 3/8\" hole saw. Use the 1/4\" holes as a guide to drill 2 3/8\" holes at a 45° angle. The holes will need to be drilled from inside and outside of the 10\" PVC. These holes will be the sludge weir and the FOG pipe.\n",
        "3. Cut two 4.6\" length 2\" diameter PVC pipe, one for the FOG pipe and another for the sludge weir\n",
        "4. Cut two 2.75\" length 2\" diameter PVC pipe, one for the influent and one for the effluent\n",
        "5. Use primer and PVC cement to fit the 2.75\" length pipes into the holes that are not at a 45° angle and the 4.6\" length pipes into the holes that are at a 45° angle making sure that there is enough space on the pipe sticking out of the body to fit 2\" to 1.5\" reducer. Insert the 2\" PVC pipe into the hole in the 10\" pipe and apply primer and then PVC cement liberally to ensure that all of the gaps are filled. Use a clamp or block to support the new connection. Allow to dry completely for 24 hours.\n",
        "6. Place 2\" to 1.5\" reducers on each 2\" pipe.\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (inclusing pictures during fabrication will also be very helpful for future teams)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "haMcnRrCfVm8",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "### FOG and Sludge Weir\n",
        "#### Materials:\n",
        "| Item | Quantity | Purpose | Dimensions | Cost | Catalogue Number |Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | \n",
        "| 1.5\" pipe\t|1| FOG and Sludge Weir |\t1.5\" ID, 2' Length | - | 49035K87 | https://www.mcmaster.com/pvc |\n",
        "| 1.5\" Socket-Weld On/Off Valves for Drinking Water |2| Valve for removing excess sludge and FOG | for 1.5\" pipe | 55.26 |4876k25| https://www.mcmaster.com/4876k25 |\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Tools:\n",
        "- Band saw\n",
        "- Angle guide\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Procedure:\n",
        "**Note: The fabrication proceedures for the FOG and Sludge Weir are identical\n",
        "\n",
        "1. Cut a 2' long section of a 1.5\" pipe\n",
        "2. Use a band saw and an angle guide to cut the opening of one end of the pipe into a 45 degree angle\n",
        "3. Insert a 1.5\" Socket-Weld On/Off Valves on the uncut end of pipe. Attach -  spread a thin layer of primer on both the outside of the uncut end of the pipe and the inside of the larger end of the valve, wait 30 seconds, then apply a layer of PVC cement where the primer was applied. Connect the valve and pipe together and apply pressure.\n",
        "4. Insert ferco onto pipe. Slide pipe into reactor so the cut end of pipe is in the center of the reactor, with the cut facing up.  Tighten fernco."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "3gHQpqTOe7WP",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Effluent System\n",
        "#### Materials:\n",
        "\n",
        "| Item | Quantity | Purpose | Dimensions | Cost | Catalogue Number |Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |\n",
        "| 1.5\" pipe | 1| Effluent pipe | 11\" | - | 49035K87 | https://www.mcmaster.com/pvc |\n",
        "| 1.5\" elbow | 2|Effluent Pipe | for 1.5\" pipe | 2.32 | 4880K103| https://www.mcmaster.com/4880K103|\n",
        "| 1.5\" Tee fitting | 2| To test effluent and maintain air pressure | for 1.5\" pipe | 3.08 | 4880k45| https://www.mcmaster.com/4880k45 |\n",
        "|1.5\" Socket-Weld On/Off Valves for Drinking Water | 1| Valve for testing effluent water | for 1.5\" pipe | 26.25 | 4876k25| https://www.mcmaster.com/4876k25 |\n",
        " |1/4\" PVC Sheet  | 1| Support for sides of Bucket  |12\" x 12\" x 1/4\" | Included in influent materials| 8747K114|https://www.mcmaster.com/8747k114|\n",
        "\n",
        "### Tools:\n",
        "- Drill Press\n",
        "  - 5/8\" drill bit\n",
        "- Hand Saw\n",
        "- Band Saw\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "#### Procedure:\n",
        "\n",
        "1. Use the band saw to cut and 11\" long segment from the 1.5\" pipe\n",
        "2. Make a mark 1.25\" from the left end of the pipe. Take a 5/8\" drill bit, and, using a drill press, drill a hole at that mark.\n",
        "3. Make another mark 3/8\" right from the center of the last hole. Drill another 5/8\" hole at that mark.\n",
        "4. Keep repeating Step 3 until 14 holes have been made; the center of the last hole should be 4.5\" from the right end.\n",
        "5. Spread a thin layer of primer on both the outside of the left end of the effluent pipe and the inside of the end cap, wait 30 seconds, then apply a layer of PVC cement where the primer was applied. Connect the end cap and the left end of the pipe together and apply pressure so the pipe end is inserted properly in the end cap.\n",
        "6. Take the 2\" to 1.5\" fernco and tighten it around the 2\" cross-section of pipe at the effluent opening.\n",
        "7. Put the right end of the effluent pipe through the 2\" opening/cross-section of pipe and the fernco. Put an 1.5\" elbow at the right end of the effluent pipe. Position effluent so the edge of the elbow is right up against the 1.5\" opening of the fernco. Tighten fernco to position.\n",
        "8. Using the same technique in Step #5, attach the elbow and the effluent pipe together.\n",
        "9. Insert a 3\" to 3.5\" long 1.5\" pipe at the other entrance of the the elbow. Use the same technique in Step #5 to attach\n",
        "10. Insert another elbow at the other entrance of pipe in Step #9. Attach.\n",
        "11. Lastly, insert a 3\" long 1.5\" pipe at the other end of the elbow in Step #10. Attach.\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "[//]: <> (try to follow the same format for all fab sections)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "O4op3sS7sJ_L",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Bovay Lab Assistance\n",
        "** Always email Jim Strait before going to Bovay Lab @jes583@cornell.edu\n",
        "\n",
        "**Cement Block:** \n",
        "- Purpose: to raise water level so that the bottom of the clear reactor can be seen\n",
        "- Mold: *can be made with scraps\n",
        "  - Materials:\n",
        " \n",
        "| Item | Quantity | Purpose | Dimensions | Cost | Catalogue Number |Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |\n",
        "|10\" diameter pipe| 1 | Mold Sides | 10\" ID, 5' length | 110.09 | 48925K27 | https://www.mcmaster.com/48925k27 |\n",
        "|1' Multipurpose Neoprene Rubber Sheet | 1 | Make mold smaller to better fit in reactor | 36\" wide, 1' length | 15.26 | 9455K92| https://www.mcmaster.com/9455k92-9455K2|\n",
        "|1/4\" PVC Sheet| 1| Mold Bottom | 12\" x 12\" x 1/4\" | 11.33| 8747K114 |https://www.mcmaster.com/8747K114|\n",
        "|PVC Welding Rod | 1 | Attach Mold Sides to Mold Bottom| 5/32\" Diameter, 90' length| 11.22| 7889A16| https://www.mcmaster.com/7889a16|\n",
        "|Trash Bag| 1 | Protect Rubber from sticking to concrete | Bigger than the mold | Free, steal from a local trash can| N/A | N/A|\n",
        "\n",
        "- Recipe Ratio (lbs): *multiply by 1.3 to roughly get 6\" tall concrete cylinder, will have extra concrete\n",
        "\n",
        "| Water | Cement | Coarse Aggregate | Fine Aggregate|\n",
        "|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|\n",
        "| 2.76 | 7.88 | 11.97| 11.62|\n",
        "\n",
        "**Gluing Flanges:**\n",
        "- Materials:\n",
        "\n",
        "| Item | Quantity | Purpose | Dimensions | Cost | Catalogue Number |Link to Item |\n",
        "| --- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |\n",
        "|Slow Set PVC Glue| 1| Make reactor water tight | N/A\n",
        "|PVC Primer| 1|Assists in water tightness | N/A |\n",
        "| 10\" Slip Flange |2| End cap on top and bottom of reactor | 10\" diameter | - |  N/A| https://www.pvcfittingsonline.com/854-100-10-schedule-80-pvc-molded-flange.html |\n",
        "| 10\" Clear PVC Pipe | 1|Reactor Body | 10\" diameter, 8' height | - | 49035k97| https://www.mcmaster.com/49035k97  |\n",
        "\n",
        "- Tools:\n",
        "  - Sharpie\n",
        " \n",
        "- Procedure:\n",
        "\n",
        "[^^^what procedure]"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "rKrvU1UvE4yy",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Assembly:\n",
        "[why does this start at 11]\n",
        "11. Line up a 10\" gasket and a 10\" blind flange with the bottom flange so the gasket is in the middle of the blind flange and flange. Bolt the flanges and gasket together using the bolt kit and two wrenches to tighten. \n",
        "12. Repeat the same proceedure with the top flange, except only put in 8 of the 12 bolts in for now (see figure)\n",
        "13. Insert tipping bucket system in the metal extrusion frame.\n",
        "14. Line up the holes in the extrusions to match the remain holes in the top flange without bolts so that the pulse pipe on the tipping bucket system is lined up with the influent pipe. Bolt the extrusion frame and the top flange together (see figure)\n",
        "14. Connect pulse pipe to the influent pipe using the 2\" to 1.5\" fernco."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Ks6ALZO2GH_E",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Python Code\n",
        "\n",
        "[your code doesn't run, it says df is undefined]"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "RwKjgVDSpalJ",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "5c94d3d0-dd68-4c9e-ed9d-36bc4f8abf1e",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 806
        }
      },
      "source": [
        "!pip install aguaclara"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "Collecting aguaclara\n",
            "\u001b[?25l  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/42/9d/6b6000e0a161f6199918545f2d7a9151248f5f0f7fa541876e3b97bfc0d4/aguaclara-0.1.5.tar.gz (80kB)\n",
            "\u001b[K     |████████████████████████████████| 81kB 3.2MB/s \n",
            "\u001b[?25hCollecting pint==0.8.1 (from aguaclara)\n",
            "\u001b[?25l  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1e/40/6938f7d544eef208a8183c2c80624289e8a4f4e0aea43f4658b9527077de/Pint-0.8.1.tar.gz (162kB)\n",
            "\u001b[K     |████████████████████████████████| 163kB 8.3MB/s \n",
            "\u001b[?25hRequirement already satisfied: numpy in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from aguaclara) (1.16.4)\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: pandas in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from aguaclara) (0.24.2)\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: matplotlib in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from aguaclara) (3.0.3)\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: scipy in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from aguaclara) (1.3.0)\n",
            "Collecting onshapepy (from aguaclara)\n",
            "  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/eb/02/3db2d83488c979c0e8cb83ee4dc2d0fa859e13f35e31487911ba07f824a2/onshapepy-0.0.18.tar.gz\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: pytz>=2011k in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from pandas->aguaclara) (2018.9)\n",
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            "Requirement already satisfied: pyparsing!=2.0.4,!=2.1.2,!=2.1.6,>=2.0.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from matplotlib->aguaclara) (2.4.2)\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: kiwisolver>=1.0.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from matplotlib->aguaclara) (1.1.0)\n",
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            "Requirement already satisfied: requests in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from onshapepy->aguaclara) (2.21.0)\n",
            "Collecting ruamel.yaml (from onshapepy->aguaclara)\n",
            "\u001b[?25l  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/fd/f4/0a9044336f9ae455749a9e1ce6a7c8d6a47551f7eeddb8e9ea574d25b75c/ruamel.yaml-0.16.1.tar.gz (144kB)\n",
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            "\u001b[?25hRequirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from python-dateutil>=2.5.0->pandas->aguaclara) (1.12.0)\n",
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            "Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<1.25,>=1.21.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from requests->onshapepy->aguaclara) (1.24.3)\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: idna<2.9,>=2.5 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from requests->onshapepy->aguaclara) (2.8)\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from requests->onshapepy->aguaclara) (2019.6.16)\n",
            "Requirement already satisfied: chardet<3.1.0,>=3.0.2 in /usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages (from requests->onshapepy->aguaclara) (3.0.4)\n",
            "Collecting ruamel.yaml.clib>=0.1.2 (from ruamel.yaml->onshapepy->aguaclara)\n",
            "\u001b[?25l  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/96/62/ed93cb8ae7e2ad8c5fe874e8027306aeee0c6a02c04fa015b5f99d14b3db/ruamel.yaml.clib-0.1.2-cp36-cp36m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (549kB)\n",
            "\u001b[K     |████████████████████████████████| 552kB 41.5MB/s \n",
            "\u001b[?25hBuilding wheels for collected packages: aguaclara, pint, onshapepy, ruamel.yaml\n",
            "  Building wheel for aguaclara (setup.py) ... \u001b[?25l\u001b[?25hdone\n",
            "  Created wheel for aguaclara: filename=aguaclara-0.1.5-cp36-none-any.whl size=92840 sha256=9749b26d3f4e8c9ca284cfe8de195a643d3bb90d1ee51a8627e23f0a3a8d3329\n",
            "  Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/57/42/9c/b120c07593ad5b4061d8c0cdcd2cc6b0db5e6e7ea5a0bf34f7\n",
            "  Building wheel for pint (setup.py) ... \u001b[?25l\u001b[?25hdone\n",
            "  Created wheel for pint: filename=Pint-0.8.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl size=134155 sha256=e45fafcfa5768c089457b42d22ec0f019ac7f081af864185e16c2b15d022a1a1\n",
            "  Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/b4/56/36/7c4d6a4e3660e233b95e3b0482551915cb184abca0f93ee1dd\n",
            "  Building wheel for onshapepy (setup.py) ... \u001b[?25l\u001b[?25hdone\n",
            "  Created wheel for onshapepy: filename=onshapepy-0.0.18-cp36-none-any.whl size=16500 sha256=8b105aca09724c9898cdb2979d6cf0db71f8c316c57c586f00c5b783e5dd695f\n",
            "  Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/ea/bd/5d/bcad50021b4d6e49e006edc8c271d68b4493a83e5a85551e57\n",
            "  Building wheel for ruamel.yaml (setup.py) ... \u001b[?25l\u001b[?25hdone\n",
            "  Created wheel for ruamel.yaml: filename=ruamel.yaml-0.16.1-cp36-none-any.whl size=109867 sha256=8cf1f8ec56ba8ddabbcca87ec880b2dd2c6e06b10976ce177460838f43065dde\n",
            "  Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/6b/60/e4/d29abb86e43e6ed072014f339f94edfd7a3abf2644e9d150a3\n",
            "Successfully built aguaclara pint onshapepy ruamel.yaml\n",
            "Installing collected packages: pint, ruamel.yaml.clib, ruamel.yaml, onshapepy, aguaclara\n",
            "Successfully installed aguaclara-0.1.5 onshapepy-0.0.18 pint-0.8.1 ruamel.yaml-0.16.1 ruamel.yaml.clib-0.1.2\n"
          ],
          "name": "stdout"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "JRY9yYUzSU_A",
        "colab_type": "code",
        "outputId": "06f3dc5c-0cfc-45c9-c2b5-034566e9a0e0",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 248
        }
      },
      "source": [
        "import aguaclara.core.head_loss as minorloss\n",
        "from aguaclara.core.units import unit_registry as u\n",
        "from aguaclara.core import physchem as pc\n",
        "from aguaclara.core import pipes as pipes\n",
        "from aguaclara.core import head_loss as HL\n",
        "from aguaclara.core import utility as ut\n",
        "from aguaclara.core import constants as con\n",
        "from aguaclara.research import floc_model as fm\n",
        "import pandas as pd\n",
        "import numpy as np\n",
        "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
        "\n",
        "pipes.OD(2*u.inch)\n",
        "6/16\n",
        "pipes.ID_sch40(4*u.inch)\n",
        "class UASBtest:\n",
        "  def __init__(\n",
        "          self,\n",
        "          temp = 10 * u.degC, #estimated temp at IAAWTF\n",
        "          pipe_diam = 1.0 * u.inch, #diameter of the influent pipe\n",
        "          n_elbows = 2, #the number of elbows in the influent pipe\n",
        "          pipe_roughness = .0015 * u.mm, # PVC pipe roughness\n",
        "          time_dump = 2* u.s, #NOTE: get better value with actual testing, this is a rough estimate\n",
        "          UASB_diameter = 10 * u.inch,\n",
        "          UASB_height = 8 * u.ft, #this height refers to the height of the pipe that is used to make the UASB canister, NOT the water level in the UASB.\n",
        "          HRT = 4 * u.hr, #minimum HRT of wastewater in reactor for adequate treatment NOTE: some studies have shown 6 hrs is optimal\n",
        "          target_upflow_vel= 10 * u.m/u.hr, #target up flow velocity to fluidize sludge blanket\n",
        "          diameter_drain_pipe = 4 * u.inch, #diameter of the pipe that connects the holding tank to influent pipe ( 3 inches was chosen so that the area was similar to that of one section in drain tank in previous design.)\n",
        "          descending_sewage_vel= .2 * u.m/u.s, #Maximum velocity that will allow air bubbles to rise out of reactor. Must only be achieved in beginning of influent pipe systems, not throughout.\n",
        "          ww_gen_rate = 10.8 * u.L/u.hr, #Wastewater Generation per Person\n",
        "          angle_sludge_weir=60*u.degrees, #angle of sludge weir\n",
        "          percent_sludge= .7, #based on summer 2018 team research\n",
        "          diam_sludge_granules = .5 * u.mm, #this is the lower end of range of diameters for sludge, goes up to 3 mm https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6070658/ so this would correspond to a slower setting particle\n",
        "          rho_sludge= 1383 * u.g/u.L, #density of sludge granules. source:https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i4/SUB153022.pdf\n",
        "          rho_water=1 *u.g/u.mL,\n",
        "          lift= 10*u.cm, #to make sure that lift height is significant\n",
        "          effluent_pipe_diameter=1*u.inch,\n",
        "          tippingbucket_diameter=6.25 * u.inch\n",
        "\n",
        "):\n",
        "      \"\"\"Instantiate a UASB object, representing a real UASB component.\n",
        "      :param Q: Flow rate of water water through the UASB.\n",
        "      :type Q: float * u.L/u.s\n",
        "      :param temp: Water temperature of the UASB\n",
        "      :type temp: float * u.degC\n",
        "      :param cannister_diam: diameter of the UASB canister\n",
        "      :type cannister_diam: float * u.ft\n",
        "      :param effluent_H: height of effluent line in UASB\n",
        "      :type effluent_H: float * u.ft\n",
        "      :param vol_dump: volume of one complete dump from tipping bucket\n",
        "      :type vol_dump: float * u.L\n",
        "      :param pipe_diam: ID of the influent pipes\n",
        "      :type pipe_diam: float * u.inch\n",
        "      :param n_elbows: number of 90 degree elbows per influent pipe\n",
        "      :type n_elbows: float * dimensionless\n",
        "      :param pipe_roughness: roughness of influent pipes\n",
        "      :type pipe_roughness: float * u.m\n",
        "      :returns: object\n",
        "      :rtype: UASB\n",
        "      \"\"\"\n",
        "      self.temp = temp\n",
        "      self.pipe_diam = pipes.ID_sch40(pipe_diam)\n",
        "      self.n_elbows = n_elbows\n",
        "      self.pipe_roughness = pipe_roughness\n",
        "      self.time_dump = time_dump\n",
        "      self.UASB_diameter = pipes.ID_sch40(UASB_diameter)\n",
        "      self.HRT = HRT\n",
        "      self.target_upflow_vel=target_upflow_vel\n",
        "      self.diameter_drain_pipe=pipes.ID_sch40(diameter_drain_pipe)\n",
        "      self.descending_sewage_vel=descending_sewage_vel\n",
        "      self.percent_sluge=percent_sludge\n",
        "      self.UASB_height=UASB_height\n",
        "      self.effluent_pipe_diameter=pipes.ID_sch40(effluent_pipe_diameter)\n",
        "      self.ww_gen_rate=ww_gen_rate\n",
        "      self.lift=lift\n",
        "      self.tippingbucket_diameter=tippingbucket_diameter\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def UASB_area(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function calculates the surface area of the UASB canister \"\"\"\n",
        "    area= pc.area_circle(self.UASB_diameter)\n",
        "    return area\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def vol_dump(self):\n",
        "    vol=self.lift*self.UASB_area\n",
        "    return vol\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def area_drain_pipe(self):\n",
        "    area=pc.area_circle(self.diameter_drain_pipe)\n",
        "    return area\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def HG_per_dump(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function calculates the head gain per dump, assuming that the water level in the canister is in line with the bottom of the \"drain pipe\" that connects the holding tank to the 1 inch influent pipe \"\"\"\n",
        "    HG=self.vol_dump/self.area_drain_pipe\n",
        "    return HG\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def length_drain_pipe(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function calculates the length of the drain pipe necessary so that the volume of 1 dump from the tipping bucket fills the drain pipe\"\"\"\n",
        "    h=(self.HG_per_dump).to(u.inch)\n",
        "    return h  \n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def water_level_height(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function determines the height of the water level in the reactor. The water level is supposed to be in line with the bottom of the drain pipe\"\"\"\n",
        "    #NOTE: how much \"safety\" do we want here? also, are\n",
        "    return self.UASB_height\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def volume_UASB(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"this function calculates volume of liquid inside UASB reactor, not including influent pipes\"\"\"\n",
        "    vol=self.UASB_area*self.water_level_height\n",
        "    return vol\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def flow_rate_avg(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"this function estimates the max flow rate, given min HRT and volume of fluid inside canister, that the UASB can handle\"\"\"\n",
        "    Qmax=(self.volume_UASB)/self.HRT\n",
        "    return Qmax\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def upflow_vel_avg(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"this function calculates the average up flow velocity of in the UASB canister\"\"\"\n",
        "    up_v=self.flow_rate_avg/self.UASB_area\n",
        "    return up_v\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def aggregate_k(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function calculates  the aggregate minor loss coefficient of the drain system from the holding tank into the 'canister' aka the 10 inch clear PVC pipe\"\"\"\n",
        "    influent_K=self.n_elbows*minorloss.EL90_K_MINOR+minorloss.PIPE_EXIT_K_MINOR+minorloss.PIPE_ENTRANCE_K_MINOR\n",
        "    return influent_K\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def drain_time(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function calculates how long it takes for a dump from the tipping bucket to drain into the tank, assuming that the bottom of the drain pipe (which connects the 1.5 inch pipe to the holding tank) is in line with the water level in the canister and does not begin draining out until the dump is complete. Note that this time should be approximately the same as the time it takes for the tipping bucket to fill up/fast enough to produce desired up flow velocity in the tank\"\"\"\n",
        "    #NOTE: should we include minor loss from holding tank to drain tank, or assume water just starts from drain tank\n",
        "    #NOTE: drain time also might drastically underestimate actual drain time, since all the water from the tipping bucket won't necessarily go straight into the drain pipe from the tipping bucket, but could linger around the bottom of the holding tank.  \n",
        "    time = 8*self.area_drain_pipe/(np.pi*(self.pipe_diam)**2)*(self.HG_per_dump*self.aggregate_k/(2*pc.gravity))**(1/2)\n",
        "    return time    \n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def upflow_velocity_pulse_average(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"this function estimates the average upflow velocity in the canister during a pulse by dividing the time it takes for a dump from the tipping bucket to drain into the system to get a \"pulse flow rate\" and then dividing that by the cross sectional area of the UASB to get an estimate for \"pulse up flow velocity\"\"\"\n",
        "    UASB_Q_dump=self.vol_dump/self.drain_time ##calculate flow rate through UASB as water from a dump of tipping bucket flows through the system\n",
        "    up_vel=UASB_Q_dump/self.UASB_area\n",
        "    return up_vel.to(u.m/u.s)\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def bucket_fill_time(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function determines the estimated time it will take the tipping bucket to fill, using the estimated volume of one dump from the new, smaller tipping bucket size and the flow rate of water entering the UASB, according to the function flow_rate_max\"\"\"\n",
        "    UASB_Q_dump=self.vol_dump/self.drain_time #calculate flow rate through UASB as water from a dump of tipping bucket flows through the system\n",
        "    up_vel=UASB_Q_dump/self.UASB_area\n",
        "    return up_vel.to(u.m/u.s)\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def num_people_served(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function estimates the number of people that could be served by a UASB reactor of this size\"\"\"\n",
        "    num=self.flow_rate_avg/self.ww_gen_rate\n",
        "    num=num.to(u.dimensionless)\n",
        "    return num\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def pivot_height(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function estimates the height of the pivots on the tipping bucket, so that the bucket will dump at desired volume\"\"\"\n",
        "    return (self.vol_dump/pc.area_circle(self.tippingbucket_diameter)).to(u.inch)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def biogas_produced_rate(self):\n",
        "    \"\"\"This function estimates the amount of biogas that will be produced by the reactor \"\"\"\n",
        "    COD=self.influent_BOD/.6\n",
        "    COD_rem = COD * .7 #Assuming .5% efficency of COD removal and conversion in reactor\n",
        "    BGMax = (COD_rem * 0.378 * self.flow_rate_avg * (u.ml/u.mg)).to(u.L/u.day) #Theoretical Production, from Fall 2014 UASB team report\n",
        "    BGMin = (COD_rem * 0.06 * self.flow_rate_avg * (u.ml/u.mg)).to(u.L/u.day)  #Production using minimum value from Van Lier report\n",
        "    BGAvg = (COD_rem * 0.16 * self.flow_rate_avg * (u.ml/u.mg)).to(u.L/u.day)#Production using average value from Spring 2014 tests\n",
        "    return [BGMax, BGAvg, BGMin]\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def biogas_produced_rate_2(self):  \n",
        "    return (self.flow_rate_avg/10).to(u.L/u.day)\n",
        "\n",
        "  @property\n",
        "  def Energy_Production(self):    \n",
        "    return (self.biogas_produced_rate_2 / (700 * (u.L/(u.kW*u.hr))))  #Hours of stove usage, given minimum efficency\n",
        "    #KWH = Biogas / (700 * u.L/u.kwh) #Kilowatt Hours generated from biogas used\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "print(df)\n",
        "test=UASBtest(pipe_diam=1.5*u.inch, lift=10*u.cm)\n",
        "data ={'UASB element':['Diameter Canister', 'Diameter Influent Pipe', 'Number of Elbows in Influent', 'Average Up flow Pulse Velocity', 'Tipping Bucket Dump Volume', 'Length Pulse Pipe', 'Diameter Pulse Pipe', 'Water Level Height', 'Lift', 'Pivot Height' ],\n",
        "       'Measurement': [test.UASB_diameter, test.pipe_diam, test.n_elbows, (test.upflow_velocity_pulse_average).to(u.mm/u.s), test.vol_dump.to(u.gal), test.length_pulse_pipe, test.diameter_pulse_pipe, test.water_level_height, test.lift, test.pivot_height]}\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "df=pd.DataFrame(data)\n",
        "print(df)\n",
        "print(test.biogas_produced_rate)\n",
        "\n",
        "print((test.Energy_Production).to(u.kJ/u.day))\n",
        "\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": 0,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "NameError",
          "evalue": "ignored",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-2-c4ef433a44a0>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    190\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    191\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 192\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m    193\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtest\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mUASBtest\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpipe_diam\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1.5\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mu\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0minch\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlift\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m10\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mu\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcm\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    194\u001b[0m data ={'UASB element':['Diameter Canister', 'Diameter Influent Pipe', 'Number of Elbows in Influent', 'Average Up flow Pulse Velocity', 'Tipping Bucket Dump Volume', 'Length Pulse Pipe', 'Diameter Pulse Pipe', 'Water Level Height', 'Lift', 'Pivot Height' ],\n",
            "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'df' is not defined"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "vAidwzlzIRmQ",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "# EPA Funding Assurance\n",
        "[edit this please]\n",
        "This publication [article] was developed under Assistance Agreement No. SU-83926801 awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to Cornell University. It has not been formally reviewed by EPA. The views expressed in this document are solely those of [name of recipient or names of authors] and do not necessarily reflect those of the Agency. EPA does not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8BnI5Ue6JFEc",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Extra Photos\n",
        "[include these as part of the fabrication manual or procedure instead of extra photos and label the figures would also be very helpful]\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Testing%20Tipping%20Bucket%20with%20Continuous%20Flow.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 6. Testing Tipping Bucket with Continuous Flow.**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/FabPracLeak.jpeg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 8. Testing if Rubber Cement Seals Pipes Water Tight.**\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Fabrication%20Practice.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 9. Fabrication Practice.**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Top%20View%20of%20Frame%20of%20Holding%20Tank.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 10. Top View of Frame of Holding Tank.**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Side%20View%20of%20Frame%20of%20Holding%20Tank.jpg?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 11. Side View of Frame of Holding Tank.**\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Water%20Testing%20Pilot%20UASB.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 12. Water Testing Pilot UASB**\n",
        "\n",
        "<img src=\"https://github.com/AguaClara/UASB/blob/master/Images/Water%20Testing%20Clear%20UASB%20Reactor.png?raw=true\">\n",
        "\n",
        "**Figure 13. Water Testing Clear UASB**\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    }
  ]
}